Parker Pen

Parker Pen: An Adventure in Globalization pg. 547 1. -This is the history of the failure of an international marketing strategy. Which were the reasons? Analyze the 4 P’s. (Price, Product, Place, Promotion) Being one of the largest pen industries in the world, Parker Pen was a failure for having international marketing strategy. This is due to the fact that Parker wanted its products to fall under the concept of standardization. He called this the â€Å"Janesville strategy†. Under promotion, Parker Pen wanted his pens to follow the mission of â€Å"one look, one voice†, meaning all Parker products would be sold and re-produced the same way in all countries the company would make partnership with overseas. As a result, all packaging and advertising would mirror the original Parker Pens in all participating countries. The problems which would arise from this is that standardization may not cater to different countries, who may have an interest for specific supply of pens. For example, locations such as France and Italy are fond of expensive fountain pens. Consequently, promotion strategies would lead to the decisions with regards to the distribution of products. Parker wanted all his pens to focus on a common positioning, which meant that the same types of pens would be allocated to its specified locations. The problem here is that the target markets values and interests are different across different markets, and cannot be dealt with similarly. Parker failed to realize that that you cannot use the same tactics on all individuals because each individual is unique in their own way. On the same note, this reduces the level of customization and personal preference. This also reduces customer consideration and individuals do not feel there is a sense of providing customer satisfaction. For the product, Parker pens lose its value in the pen industry for providing individuals with the writing instruments they need and have a value in. The Janesville strategy was a failure also due to the fact of pricing barriers. As stated in the article, Parker produced low-cost pens, which were not functional and were unable to do what they were intended to do. Leading up to this was a large controversy on the goodwill of the company in comparison to their actual products. Parker pen was a known as a company of quality, yet with this new global strategy, they failed to reduce costs yet at the same time satisfy the needs of customers. 2. -What role do people play in implementing any strategic decision? Analyze the role of Mr. Peterson, Mr. Smith and Mr. Parker. During the crisis of Parker pen, there were many roles being played. Mr. Peterson worked at reducing costs by laying off employees to reducing the product line to 100. He believed that entering into the global industry, it would require a single â€Å"world class agency†. Both Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith decided that Parker pens needed to target the low-end of the market, meaning low cost pens would need to be produced. This would also result in the pens being in lower quality and standards than the original Parker pens. Mr. Smith, being promoted as the new president of the Parker pen company, planned to develop the Vector on the high scale and a disposable pen named the Itala on the low scale. Mr. Smith wanted Parker pens to take on markets of the pen industry that has never been done by any other company before. He decided that this would be the success of the company in entering into the global markets. For the company, this was a large risk as green ventures are unknown are this may cause a large fall in profits and sales. Mr. Smith also researched on the sales of Parker pens and discovered that the company had only a small share in the pen industry as most of its profits were coming from pens selling for less than three dollars. Mr. Smith decided that a change was needed, therefore pushed for the promotion of high scale to low scale products. Under the management of Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith, 400 company managers were trained to market Parker products the same way in all locations. On the other hand, Mr. Parker was a believer of new product development, turning Parker pens into a company producing over 500 lines of products. His thoughts on the development of the global market were contrary to the ideas of Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith. 3. -Was it a good idea for Parker Pen to produce and sell a wide range of pens from high-cost to low-cost? Why? It was not a good alternative for Parker Pen to produce and sell pens ranging from high-cost to low-cost. Parker pens are known for the quality in writing instruments and changing their production process by purchasing reduced quality materials will diminish the goodwill of the company. The first decision of determining if a company should globalize consist of the following items: knowing the company and its strength and weaknesses, knowing the product and its selling points, knowing the home market, knowing the target market and its background, and being able to leaves one’s predetermined values, beliefs, and propositions. There are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Contrarily, the concept of having a wide range of products can be a success if adequate research was done to understand each markets’ values. In low growth developing countries, the most viable option may be to sell low cost pens because individuals may not have the ability to afford prestigious ones. 4. -If customers from different places are buying similar products, do you think it is possible to approach different markets with the same advertising theme? Why? Customers from different places may have values in buying similar products, but it is not possible to approach different markets with the same advertising theme. The reason for this is that you need to custom to each market. You need to change your advertising strategies according to the values of that particular location. For example, some locations may want to feel a personal message directed towards them in order to attract them while others may want advertising to be assertive and straightforward without any underlying messages. By assisting distribution to extensive research, Parker Pens can gain a larger understanding of each markets’ needs when dealing with promotional planning and marketing strategies. In other words, Parker Pen took on the concept of Ethnocentrism and Geocentrism, which means that the use of strategies are the same for all countries worldwide as it is in the home country. This may be both beneficial and detrimental for a company’s marketing process. Looking at standardization versus adaptation, a potential starting point for Parker Pen could be standardization; however, a company must also know when to make a change. Subsequently, adaption and modification of products would need to be implemented in order to maintain brand recognition in a global society. 5. -Which had been your recommendation for the international marketing plan of Parker Pen in 1982? Since Parker pens was previously established as an industry of high quality writing instruments. With a product line of 500, the company should have done more research and evaluation of each international target market before pushing their products into that particular country. Since Parker Pen is a company of no direct foreign marketing, in determining which products should be distributed can be handed to an expert and advisor who will perform that research. Market selection is done using secondary data from previous companies who may have been successful in international markets. Another option is to use precedence to determine whether the company will survive in the global industry. In the Strategic Decisions in International Expansion model, Parker Pen did not go through the decisions of determining whether the company was export ready and what modes of entry the company would enter by. There was a lack of strategy implemented on the marketing mix and how the company were to distribute their resources. For Parker Pen, there was an overuse of self-reference criterion, where both Mr. Peterson and Mr. Smith believed that a high volume of low-costing pens would perform well in locations overseas. This was a failure to realize differences and be able to put down one’s own values and accept the values of customers and the target market. Consequently, there was a lack of evaluation and knowing thy target. Segmentation variables are those that involve the demographics of each individual. In high developing countries, there may be a larger group of young individuals who are looking for affordable working pens to get them through the day at school, while in high business and technology based environments, individuals may value higher-priced pens because it produces an image of respect and status.

Animal Farm, Theme, Tone, Imagery Essay

The theme of â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell is there are dangers of a naive working class if the abuse of language as instrumental to the abuse of power is applied. For example, on page 31 â€Å"Comrades! You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in selfishness and privilege? Milk and apples contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brain workers; the organization of the farm totally depends on us† Squealer cried. This is manipulation of language to make the Animals believe that the pigs should be given the best of the food production. According to Squealer mental work is more exhausting than physical work. This shows manipulation, because Orwell refers back to the Russian Revolution of 1917 when Stalin took over Russia and he didn’t follow Marx’s ideas, as Napoleon didn’t follow the idea of Animalism. Joseph Stalin killed anything in his path and modified the laws to his benefit, as Napoleon did throughout the book. Also, on page 100 the hens are requested to give six hundred eggs a week, and the other animals wore asked to build a windmill and a schoolroom while their food rations are being reduced. Everything in total is mostly for the pigs benefit, as in the schoolroom for the teachings of the young pigs, and the money for the sale of the eggs is making. There are dangers of having a naive working class because, people can be manipulated by the abuse of propaganda. Tone Orwell creates an indignant tone throughout the classic Animal Farm. The indignant tone is shown through out the book, because Orwell feels anger about how unfair the Russian Revolution was and, how naive society can be when people don’t work for rights. In Chapter V, â€Å"At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. † According to SparkNotes, Editors, â€Å"These words from Chapter V describe Napoleon’s violent expulsion of Snowball from Animal Farm, which parallels the falling-out between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. As Stalin did, Napoleon prefers to work behind the scenes to build his power by secrecy and deception, while Snowball, as Trotsky did, devote himself to winning popular support through his ideas and his eloquence. † The tone Orwell creates all refers back to the Russian Revolution, Napoleon decided to create his own power ignoring what the real idea of Animalism that Old Major created. Napoleon ignores Animalism, because creates a more of a totalitarian government. He makes himself President when in reality he is a dictator. Orwell shows that he is indignant about Joseph Stalin and how he used to kill people who got in a way of his power, as Napoleon who is really ambitious and kills opponents to his ideas. Imagery Through out the book Animal Farm, George Orwell uses examples of imagery to make a better vivid image to show the readers how unfair the Russian Revolution was. Old Major’s dream is an example of imagery. Old Major’s dream is about equality. Old Major tells the other animals that â€Å"Man is the only creature that consumes without producing,† and he encourages them to â€Å"work night and day, body and soul, for the over-throw of the human race. † In short, he explains that men have been taking advantage of them for years, and that it’s time for the tyranny of man to end but, what he is really talking about is rebellion. Major’s dream is a simplest version of Communist Manifesto; the basic idea of the Manifesto was capitalism was seriously unfair. The workers never saw the products of their labor because the capitalists, the people who owned the means of production claimed the profit for themselves. As in the book, Mr. Jones never showed the animals any affection or appreciation thus the animals for their work. The author used imagery in this occasion because he wanted to portray a negative view of how he attended his farm, and to give him an instant poor reputation because of his usage of alcoholism. Equally imagery was utilized by Orwell in pages 107-108 when a main working class character, Boxer, was being taken away by the Horse Slaughterer. Evidently, the usage of imagery helped to see how the animals responded towards the last seeing of one of their own, and how violent Boxer responded. In brief, all the vivid images Orwell cause was for the caused of the comprehension of how the ones being use by the ones with power are being affected. Imagery in Animal Farm helps the reader have a better idea and comprehension of what allegorically message Orwell is trying to transmit through the animals. Literary Devices Dramatic Irony is used throughout the book, dramatic irony was shown when Squealer and Napoleon persuasive the animals that Boxer died in peace. The death of Boxer shows Dramatic Irony because the reader knows that Boxer didn’t actually die in peace he actually was sent to a Slaughter house to get killed. Squealer tells the animals that the van that came to pick up Boxer was from hasn’t been repainted since the past owners. This is dramatic irony because the van clearly says, â€Å"‘Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied. In page 13 and 30 there was a bucket of milk left for the animals to use it in their mash, but once they left one animal stayed behind for some minutes, Napoleon, after the animals came back the milk had disappeared. Dramatic irony was seen and use here because the reader would comprehend how Napoleon actually took the milk for his food and some other pigs too, but wasn’t planning to share it with the rest of the animals in the farm, as it has been proven in page 30 when the animals found out that he actually took the milk. In a brief, page 13 the reader was actually the only one able to understand that Napoleon took the milk while the rest of the animals didn’t have a clue until page 30. Orwell wants the audience to know how the animals are been fooled and brain washed by Sealer and Napoleon and the animals are too naive to understand and see what really is happening. Genre Analysis Animal Far m is an example of an allegory classic; this novel teaches the reader how unfair was the Russian Revolution and what a big impact it had in the 1917-1921. Napoleon’s Initiative represents Stalin’s five year plans, In Animal Farm, Napoleon has the animals working harder than ever. Even the neighboring humans â€Å"had developed a certain respect for the efficiency with which the animals were managing their own affairs† But the animals are still starving. And just like Stalin, Napoleon uses tricks to â€Å"conceal this fact from the outside world† Napoleon sends the sheep out to talk about increased rations and has empty food bins filled with sand, lots of fiber, but unfortunately not too filling. Orwell is trying to teach the reader that society can be really dumb and easy to be manipulated, and people obey those who say they have power because society is too naive to take initiative of their own. The Hen’s rebellion represents Stalin’s Great Purge, The hens refuse to give up their eggs; Napoleon starves them; several of the hens die; the rest simply give up. Then, the pigs confess that they were working with Snowball and Mr. Frederick, and a moment later the dogs â€Å"tore their throats out† And then it happens again, with hens from the rebellion, a goose, and several sheep. Napoleon contradicts himself based on the first seven commandments, â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal†. Napoleon changes this commandment to â€Å"No animal shall be killed without cause. † Orwell wants the reader to understand that sometimes leaders change laws to their benefit and citizens don’t claim anything against them, because they are too scare to speak u. Animal Farm is a great allegoric novel because it teaches the reader how cruel the world can be when there is not actual equality and society gets intimated by people with power.

Pregnant Mothers Should Not Drink Alcohol Essay

Experts continue to differ on whether or not it is safe for pregnant mothers to drink alcohol. While others are of the opinion that moderate drinking is risk-free others espouse an extremist stance that even a single drink is a risk that could be too expensive to bear. The latter group believes that any alcohol during pregnancy is a risk. They dogmatically argue that while some governments set regulations to limit the amount of alcohol consumption for mothers-to-be, no amount of alcohol is safe for mothers-to-be and that even the small amount advised can be disastrous to the unborn baby. These ‘extremists’ feel that governments are being complacent on the issue and warn mothers that the only way they can be certain of the health of their unborn babies and protect their dreams is by abstaining from alcohol. â€Å"The only guaranteed safe way is not to drink at all when you are pregnant,† Dr. Raja M. states. Dr. Raja says that one in every 100 babies born is damaged by their mothers drinking while pregnant. He explains that many children who develop behavioral problems due to exposure to alcohol while still in the womb are incorrectly diagnosed as having other conditions such as attention deficit disorder. Alcohol, which is a real culprit, goes unnoticed. (http://new.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3651050am)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In some countries like US and France alcohol beverages carry warming about the potential for damage to unborn children. This is an important step towards sensitization of mothers-to-be on the risks drinking may expose their unborn babies to. Well, other mechanisms should be beefed up to sensitize and prohibit pregnant mothers from drinking alcohol For instance, the government should not depict itself as saying â€Å"have a few drinks and that is alright†. No. Stricter laws and a no-drinking policy for pregnant mothers would be best. (Committee on substance abuse and committee on children with disabilities, 2000:25).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ‘moderates’ believes that the risks caused by drinking alcohol by pregnant mothers are not as serious as they are made to appear. They want to believe that drinking a little amount of alcohol is safe and harmless. While they agree that alcohol has some negative side effects on unborn babies, they argue that in most cases the risks are ballooned and grossly exaggerated. After all, not all mental retardation cases are caused by prenatal alcohol consumption. And again, some babies whose mothers don’t drink while pregnant are still born with Mental retardation and other similar complications. (Streissguth, 1997:213).   Pregnant mothers adopting such a stance may feel psychologically ‘safe’ to drink while in real sense they are doing irreparable damage to their unborn babies. If and when pregnant mothers drink at the expense of their unborn babies, don’t they depict themselves as selfish and inhuman? Which is better, believing that it is safe to drink and jeopardize their babies’ lives or avoiding alcohol, which means avoiding the risk? The same way abortion is inhuman to the fetus, drinking alcohol is no less. Why insist on a drink that will ruin the entire life of your baby?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medics and other human developmental specialist agree that alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is a disorder of the offsprings born of mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy. Sadly, this disorder is permanent birth defects. â€Å"Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and can stunt fetal weight or growth†. It can also cause facial stigma, damage brain structures and causes other mental physical and behavioral problems like attention deficit disorders, impulsive behavior and poor memory. The prenatal alcohol exposure damages the developing brain cells and structures. This causes malformed and underdeveloped brain structure resulting in primary cognitive and functional disabilities. It also causes secondary disabilities for instance drug addiction and mental health problems. With such complications, mothers-to-be should avoid alcohol. (Http://alcoholism.about.com/od/preg/pregnancy-and-drinking.htm).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Remember the risk of brain damage exists during each trimester since the fetal brain develops through out the entire gestation period. While prenatal exposure to alcohol does not ways result in FAS, abstaining from alcohol use is essential due to the risk involved. Research findings show that FAS is the leading known causes of mental retardation in the western. In the USA alone, FAS prevalence is estimated to be higher than any other developmental disabilities such as Spina bifida and Down syndrome. Again, the lifetime medical and social cost of each child with FAS is estimated to be about  ¾ million dollars. (Http://alcoholism.about.com/od/preg/pregnancy-and-drinking.htm). Does this provide a cogent reason why pregnant mothers should avoid alcohol consumption?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growth deficiency and CNS damage are major symptoms and complications that make FAS serious. Mother-to-be should realize alcohol is a teratogen- there is no clear consensus as to what level of exposure is toxic. Amount, frequency and timing of prenatal alcohol affect the impact of FAS. Ulleland (1972:123) says, â€Å"FAS require comprehensive and multi-model approaches to ameliorate the negative effects†.   Since FAS is a syndrome, the complexity of medical and other interventions applied in treatment of multiple disabilities caused by FAS make it a risk worth avoiding not daring. (Ulleland, 1972:123)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pregnant mothers and their counselors or attendants should know that FAS has no cure and no treatment can prevent alcohol from affecting unborn babies. Worse still is the fact that caring for a baby with FAS takes patience. These babies can be too sensitive to light and sound. Feeding may also take extra time and energy as the baby may have problems sucking. Their thinking, reasoning and language skills may be impaired. (McCreight, 1997:58).   With all these downsides, how can mothers justify their use of alcohol!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     With such evidence, anyone would be justified to conclude that pregnant mothers should, if they care for their unborn babies and for themselves, avoid alcohol. We have seen that prenatal alcohol is perilous to unborn babies and therefore should be shunned by all means. Abstinence from alcohol is the best. Works Cited Any alcohol a risk in pregnancy http://new.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3651050am Accessed on line on 21st November 2007 18:13: 48 GMT Buddy, T. A guide to Alcoholism. / Pregnancy and drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Http://alcoholism.about.com/od/preg/pregnancy-and-drinking.htm Accessed online on 21st November 2007 1:40:15 GMT. Committee on substance abuse and committee on children with disabilities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Pediatrics 106(2) 358-361. 2000. McCreight, B. (1997).Recognizing and Managing Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects: A Guidebook Chapter 10. Washington   DC: Child Welfare League of America Inc. Ulleland, C.N. The offspring of alcoholic mothers. Annuals new book   Ã‚   academy of science. 197 PMID. 1972 Streissguth, A.P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A guide to families   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and communities. Baltimore U.S.: Brookes Publishing Company.

The federalist paper #51 and American Politics Essay

The federalist paper #51 and American Politics - Essay Example The political system was proposed to constitute the Office of Federal President, Office of the Federal Vice President and Congress made up of Senates and House of Representatives. Powers were divided across the political system to hinder one level of the political system to make decisions without others’ approval and consent. Government system was also divided to comprise executive, legislature and judiciary. Now, to avoid over allegiance of judiciary to the executive, Federal paper #51 provided room for public to elect the qualified Federal judges in all states of America. Also, to avoid dependence and subjection of the judges by the mercies of the public, not all citizens were allowed to vote but just a section of the members of a state. According to Janda and Goldman, Judges were also set to serve under permanent basis upon successful election to the judiciary (34). Federal paper #51 also ensured that members of particular branch of government depended on other branches for compensation, and this was destined to introduce some degree of independence on the operations of the arms of government. Federalist paper #51 made it difficult up to date for any arm of government to perform functions or exercise powers outside the constitution framing. To enhance this, the Federalist paper#51 ensured that the constitution gives each branch of government tools and personal momentum to avert usurpation of power by the other (Janda, Goldman and Hula 10). The Federalist paper #51 also defined the role of government to the people of the US and vice versa. In the paper, government reflected the image of the nation and was obligated to respect human rights. Citizens were also set to obey the government and for this reason, security measures were set to protect the government from maltreating the citizens and later from mishandling or subjugating the government. This is the main reason why the American government does not make decisions that deteriorate human rights and that the public will also have no direct liberty to seek for the impeachment of executive thought to underperform (Janda and Goldman 6). The Federalist paper #51 provided the way to shape the American government as it gave balanced constitutional powers to all levels of the government and ensured that every action by the members of a given level fully reflect the interest of the public. Every level of government was also given the opportunity to dispute actions of members at the other levels in case the actions go against public interest. Executive has powers to censure judiciary but will only succeed upon justification by the legislature (Janda and Goldman 18). Legislature also has certain powers to present and pass bills but the success must rely on the Presidential signature with thorough speculation of the public interest. In order to protect the executive from the immense mercy of the legislature, Federalist paper #51 proposed for the division of the congress into Senate and Ho use of Representatives. Decisions or bill made by either divisions of the Congress relied on the approval of the other division before being forwarded to the president. However, the paper also provided circumstances where the Senate could work directly with the executive without necessarily seeking the participation

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Scientists and researchers have continually been trying to develop ways in order for society to have healthier lives. The use of stem cells may be one of the best answers yet. â€Å"Stem cells hold a lot of promise to cure many nasty diseases.†(Cline) There should be no debate on its application. Indeed, there is an ethical issue to be resolved. Nevertheless, if the stem cells were to be used to further life, I think the ethical issue surrounding this side of stem cell research should easily be resolved. If not, then other scientific approaches to furthering life that are being practiced now such as organ transplant should be paused as well until a decision is made on stem cell research. When a person is in a coma, doctors and family depend on brain activity to determine progress. This goes to show how important the brain is for a person to function well. As such, cures for neurological diseases should be of utmost concern. If stem cell research appears to be the answer, why not

Police System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Police System - Essay Example The conclusion of this research detailed that without law enforcement there would be many unfavourable consequences for those in British society. The role of the police officer is concluded as being one of the most essential and crucial in a societal atmosphere within the country of Britain. From a historical perspective and dating back to 1962, the role of 1British police officers has been that of a civil, and peace keeping community official more so than anything else. The police are in the communities for a number of reasons and their purposes are so numerous that there really is no way to define just one of their roles. It is best known that the police have developed a well-meaning and defined relationship with the generalized public due to the fact that they are always readily available to assist when needed, even if it is for a minute reason. Furthermore, from a political standpoint, foreigners who have had the opportunity to visit the country of Britain have commented on the quality of the police force as well, making note that they provide some of the most proficient and high quality services in maintaining social control throughout the world. Although the British police force is not unique in their ability to maintain social order, they have been found to be on e of the main legal forces that have developed and expanded throughout the decades. The main differences in Britain's policing system in comparison to other countries are the fact that their legal remedies stem from common law practices that have been passed down through history. The philosophy of the British police force is in allowing for a "2community policing itself", and for police presence to be in the communities when it is needed. This ideal has not changed that much in the past decades but indeed, there have been many reforms in the British police force that have developed it into becoming what it is today. Due to globalization and the entering of other ethnicities into the country of Britain, the British police force has had to learn how to police specific cultural areas. This is due to many cultural beliefs and various ideas having unique qualities about them and therefore policing can not be handled in the same way with all cultures. An example of how the police have ada pted to this idea is evidenced in how effective they have been since the mid 1950's when they first were exposed to having to police the communal society of Sri Lanka3 Firstly, when a new ethnicity is intertwined with another culture within a country there is the issue of safety and trust that comes into play. It has been found that some cultures attempt to use the idea of discrimination against the police in order to try and detract from correct policing in a minority community, such as like Sri Lanka. However, British

Feminism in Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feminism in Iran - Essay Example Such a rejection in Islamic societies is often associated with the fact that it is seen as being part of western, middle class ideology and a very negative aspect of modernization. Modern day Iran is a strongly fundamentalist Islamic nation, at least as far as those who control it are concerned, with only 2% of the population being non-Islamic. Of the Muslims 89% are Sunnis and the rest are Shia. Despite all the elderly clerics who the media seem to concentrate upon Iran is a relatively young country with a median age of 28.6 years and only 5% of people living beyond retirement age.( World Fact Book, undated) Both sexes average the same length of schooling, but men out do women as far as literacy rates go – a difference of 13.1% in 2002. (World Fact Book) . The women have comparatively few children compared with many other countries – an average of 1.88 each. This is in part explained by an infant mortality rate running at almost 10 times that of the United Kingdom (World Fact Book), but also be the easy availability of contraception. What the figures do not show is how a society that was privately patriarchal has now become publicly patriarchal. Has women’s position really been changed as the post revolutionary state put in place a strongly patriarchal system of legislation – or is it just that the control over women has become more public – as the picture at the head of this piece seems to show? Less than 4 weeks after the downfall of the ruling family and the exit of the Shah, Khomeini was launching an attack on female Iranians. His timing was important - the eve of International Women’s Day - this was when he demanded a strict observance of Islamic dress codes.(Shahidian 2002, page 112) In June 2009 there were elections in Iran. The two main contenders were Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the pro- polygamy incumbant, and Mir-Hossein Mousavi, a more liberal thinker who had vowed to remove laws which were oppressing women . However he did not win the election . In the period immediately followin g the Second World War many Islamic nations embraced modern , Western inspired ideas. ( Haddad and Esposito 1998, page ix) .These ideas included such things as educational patterns, legislation and social codes. Mnay women stopped wearing the veil and became increasing involved in public activities, and to a certain extent barriers between the sexes were

4) Discuss the differences in Religious Jurisprudence between of Essay

4) Discuss the differences in Religious Jurisprudence between of Sunnites and Shiites - Essay Example This has caused sometimes fights among the vast population of Muslims in the Islamic countries. As per the records available, Prophet Muhammad died in the year 632 A.D. His death left a gap for the political leadership of the Muslim community, with regard to succession of the prophet. The debate over the selection of the successor left mainly two choices with the Muslim masses. While one choice was to find a pious person who would follow the percepts of Islam and principals laid out by the prophet, other view point was to find the successor from the bloodline of the prophet itself. The first Caliph named as Abu Bakr, who was a close associate of the prophet was announced after this debate. However, some of the Muslims did not support this decision, although majority was in its favor. Prophet Muhammad had a daughter named Fatima whose husband, Ali ibn Abi Talib was very active during the lifetime of the prophet. However, he did not have the required seniority to replace the prophet after his death. In any case, a certain sect of the Muslims opined that this son-in-law of the prophet should succeed him. Even among the followers of Ali, some voices supported the name of Abu Bakr as successor. Thereafter, two Caliphs, Umar and Uthman, who were seen as legitimate successive Caliphs by the majority of the Muslims, succeeded Abu Bakr. However, the separatist voices supporting Ali had not died down completely and some of the Ali’s supporters killed the third Caliph, Uthman in the year 652 A.D.. This resulted in the announcement of Ali as the new Caliph......(1) As the rivalry had already taken roots within the Muslim civilization, Ali was also killed in the year 661 A.D. He had two sons Hassan and Hussein who also died some years later in the battle against Sunnis. This became the cause of the division of the Islamic religion in two sects. The percentage supporting Ali as the Caliph was called Shias and the other majority supporting the earlier Caliphs were

Assessments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assessments - Essay Example Science is a vast field, as it includes different experimental aspects of study area. Designed assessments of science subjects contribute to measure the growth and understanding of the subject. Assessments enhance students' learning and help teachers identify what students know and what they can do with their knowledge (IMS.Ode, 2011). This paper aims to design an assessment program for science students, which will include processes and instruments integral for students' learning. The designed assessment will be applicable for students of grade 6 for their science subject. Before designing an assessment program for students it is consider highly important to identify specific requirements of efficient activities that help insight students' knowledge of the subject (Allen, 2006). Likewise, at first place this assessment program will focus on reducing stress from both teachers and students and before practicing planned assessments, all assessment processes, practices and instruments wi ll be checked to note down their validity, reliability, and transparency (Pianta, 2012). Undoubtedly, paper pencil examination method is a traditional one and it is successful too, but it cannot completely evaluate students’ understanding and knowledge of the subject (Wang, 2011). Since, science is a vast subject and it is compulsory to design such an assessment that could ensure achievement of subject value, practice, research and communication outcomes. Thus, this assessment will include different activities and tasks to target each of these aforementioned goals in terms of learning outcomes. For learning and gaining expertise in any particular subject it is always important to develop interest in the subject. In the beginning of the session science teacher will ask students to write an informal essay on the topic, â€Å"Reasons for Selecting Science as a Major Subject in the Future†. This technique will help students use their imaginative and thinking power, because while writing essay they will get chance to recognize importance of scientific studies and scope of the subject in the professional career (Haines, 2004). Additionally, teachers will also get an idea about each student’s interest and dedication for the subject. This will also help teacher to design final assessment activities more effectively with respect to students’ interest and choices (Haines, 2004). Moreover, in the same class after finishing written essay students will be encouraged to come forward and read out summary of their respective essays. With this approach, it could be predicted that some students might hesitate to come forward and present in front of the entire class, but it will be teacher’s responsibility to provide equal opportunity to each student within available time and appreciated them for their future planning (Tobey, 2005). It will help develop and improve communication and presentation skills of the students. Subject teacher is going to monitor all students throughout the terms, and for this purpose, it could be suggested that after explaining a topic one or two times. Class discussion of that particular topic should be conducted to assess what students have understood from the teacher’s lectures and how well they are able to interpret their understanding about the topic (Race, 2005). As this assessment process targets science subject students, therefore teacher will be more emphasizing on examples, from routine life. Furthermore, for homework students will be given an interesting activity such as, they will have to paste or draw pictures relevant to the topic studied in the class. Although, it seems primary level activity, but it is most appropriate way of developing students’ interest in the subject and engage them in activities related to the subject (Race, 2005).

The Middle Ground Method of Argumentation Coursework

The Middle Ground Method of Argumentation - Coursework Example The topic in the essay could have been approached in a middle ground argument approach. This would have involved considering both the advantages and disadvantages of mandatory drug testing and settling on middle ground where no side gets it all but each side gets something (Anonymous). This would have necessitated a change of the claim from mandatory drug testing having adverse effects to there being a confidentiality mechanism for the results of drug tests (Anonymous). This middle ground solution would have taken care of stigmatization which is one of the disadvantages of mandatory drug testing and it will allow for testing in favor of the group in support. Additional sources will be needed so as to assist in research of the confidentiality method that can be used to make the middle ground solution a success. Proper application of this middle ground solution would be a success as far as mandatory drug testing is

East & West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

East & West - Essay Example The negative treatment of the media, particularly, its penchant for humiliating Muslims, is seen as a major contributor to such phenomenon. This paper will examine how the Muslim community is represented in the print media. Background: The British Print Media In order to understand the dynamics of the Muslim representation in the print media, it is important to explain the nature and characteristics of the British press. As anywhere, the newspapers in Britain are categorized into two – broadsheet and tabloid. The fundamental differences of these two classifications pertain to the size and the content. According to Penock (2000), broad generalizations can also be made out of the news style wherein broadsheet is equated with â€Å"quality† press while the tabloid dwells more on the â€Å"popular† press, which relies on the sensational treatment of a small segment of news. (p131) With this in mind, it is easy to understand how broadsheets and tabloids could report t he same story differently according to their style. Furthermore, both of the broadsheet and the tabloid media are popular and that the United Kingdom prides its print media to have the most number of national daily and Sunday newspapers throughout the world. Bednarek (2006) highlighted that the British public is third biggest newspaper buyers in the global ranking, with nearly 80 per cent of all households buying newspaper daily. (p12) The span of the geographical reach of the newspaper also highlights its capability to frame and shape public opinion and, in the process, influence all policy networks. This is underscored by the fact that the British newspapers are known to adopt specific editorial positions on various issues such as politics, class and race. For instance, The Daily Telegraph is known for supporting the Conservatives both during electoral exercise and in policymaking. Many British editors and journalists would go as far as saying that the materials they publish refle ct the views of society and therefore mirror reality. Despite the claims to balance, hence, it is inevitable for the press to be biased against immigrants. It is helpful to remember that journalists are also human, living within the society that they report on. For a long time, British society has adopted the view that people of colour and different culture and ethnicity are alien, effectively embedding in all sectors and institutions within it a deep resentment towards plurality. Since the 1980s, there has been a gradual shift in policy, wherein a more diverse community is being targeted by encouraging multi-ethnic immigration but the resistance to diversity has persisted in many social institutions and this is true in the case of the media. According to Greenslade (2005), within the national paper newsrooms there are very few non-white journalists, certainly fewer than is representative of the overall non-white population that is why it is very likely that the values of indigenous Britons and their prejudices continue to hold sway in the popular press. (p11) Islamophobia As previously mentioned, there had been some progress in Britain’s attempts at building a pluralistic society. This, however, encountered a setback during the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in the United States. There are some quarters that attribute this to the growing Islamophobia that permeates in Western societies like

Todays Technology Essay Example for Free

Todays Technology Essay Innovation and creativity, these are the benchmarks that pave the way in producing new ideas in technology. The common notion with regard to technology always goes both ways; it is either beneficial or it is detrimental. As time moves on, technology has been constantly evolving towards the future but despite these, technology has harmed our very society. Although the modern day technology has far exceeded the expectations of humanity, it still does not discount the fact that technology has produced more harm than good in society. Most people often talk about the wonders and advantages of the internet. Some even state that the internet is a place of solitude where one can escape the hazards of reality. Moreover, the internet brings about tons of romance. It is actually now common for couples to meet in the internet. The internet lets people nourish their relationships through chat rooms, email, news groups and web pages. However, news of abuses, blackmails and money-making schemes have been rampant is such places. As romantic as these places can be, they are also quite dangerous. On an average, increases in depression are about one percent for every hour spent on line per week. Furthermore, online activity resulted in increased loneliness as well (Stoll 270). The internet is a social technology used for communication, yet it results in the declining social involvement and psychological well-being of a person. In a modern home, it is sad to say that working parents spend a total of six to eight minutes a day talking with their children. Some of these parents have high tech jobs and they are willing to be on call the entire twenty-fours of the day. Thus, what is left in their homes is usually   an empty house and of course, the television. Children normally watch television in their bedrooms. In most cases, parents have no idea what their children are watching or doing. Truth be told, some children fail elementary school because parents use televisions as babysitters. People use the internet as a means to keep in touch through email. Aside from this, new friendships blossom in online interest groups. The downside of this is that we lose our real friends to online friends. Online friends cannot help us with neighborly favors such as small loans, babysitting, help with shopping, or advice about jobs and careers. Moreover, the internet has contributed to the significant declines in social involvement within the family. Email, telephones, and faxes all prevent or lessen our basic skills of interacting with people face to face. Those that deal with the computer everyday do not have the slightest idea on the basic social rules of conversation. They will not learn how to properly barge into conversations or how to express one’s self to another. It will be frightening for them to speak to in front of a live audience. Nor will they understand when or why to be silent. Children usually come home from school and their parents let them play video games daily. Usually these children develop a low self-esteem. They become shy and awkward around people. Usually they are actually uncomfortable around other children and they feel that they even do not belong to school. But the most concerning thing about the video games is the violent influence it gives to the children. Technology has developed robots that have taken over jobs in most modern day factories and industries. There are even robot vacuum cleaners that take the exercise out of people doing daily chores. It is even quite hilarious to see in some schools where they have computers teaching in classes rather than a teacher himself or herself. Even the simple joy of shopping with the entire family is robbed from every home because of Ebay and other online producers. Today’s techology possesses and presents an unwanted negative side to the world.   The time that a person may have spent talking with another or playing tennis is wasted sitting behind the monitor of a computer. Take the time to visit your family and spend quality time with your children. As what has been said earlier, although today’s technology is now far more advanced, it has done more harm than good to society.

Testing Organizational Communication Satisfaction

Testing Organizational Communication Satisfaction ABSTRACT Communication Satisfaction plays a very critical role in achieving employee engagement in organizations. It becomes even more significant and relevant in the context of the recent global crisis wherein organizations focus on employee engagement was high and was aimed towards employee retention and motivation. While several researchers have studied the relationship between communication and employee involvement, very few studies have established a relationship between Communication Satisfaction and Employee Engagement. Using the second-generation analytical technique Structural Equation Modeling, the present study examines the relationship between various components of Organization Communication Satisfaction (Organization Integration, Supervisory Communication, Personal Feedback, Communication Climate and Media Quality) and various components of Employee Engagement (Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Withdrawal Cognition). A modified version of the Downs Hazens Communica tion Satisfaction Questionnaire was administered on 235 personnel in the Information Technology/Information Technology Enabled Services industry in India. The scale was tested for reliability and validity using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results indicate that Organization Communication Satisfaction has a positive impact on Employee Engagement. The study findings have strategic implications for organizations with regard to laying a greater emphasis on increasing communication satisfaction through various human resource interventions, both at macro and micro levels in the organization. Introduction Employee engagement has been drawing a lot of importance in various organizations in recent times. A global workforce study conducted by Towers Perrin in 2007-2008 revealed that only 21% of the employees were engaged. A more disturbing finding of the study was that 38% of the employees were partly to fully disengaged. The study also concluded that companies with the higher levels of employee engagement are able to retain their valued employees as also achieve better financial results. Similarly, Gallup has also conducted a study on employee engagement and found that 29% of employees are actively engaged in their jobs, 54% are not engaged, and 17% are actively disengaged. Many researchers have studied employee engagement and have found that employee engagement predicts employee outcomes, organizational success and financial performance (Bates, 2004; Harter et al., 2002,). Similarly, Hewitt Associates (LLC, 2005, p.1) have also established a strong relationship between employee engagem ent and profitability through higher productivity, sales, customer satisfaction and employee retention. Unfortunately though, a lot of literature available is only those from Consulting firms and there is very little theoretical or empirical research available on employee engagement. Today, as a result of continuous organizational restructuring (mergers, acquisitions, downturn imperatives), it is commonly observed that organizations are resorting to right sizing strategies. It certainly becomes the most critical priority of CEOs around the world to ensure that the employees who survive the layoffs are fully engaged. Research indicates that there is a decline in engagement levels and that there is deepening disengagement among employees today (Saks, 2006; Richman, 2006; Bates, 2004). It has also been reported that the majority of workers today, roughly half of all Americans in the workforce are not fully engaged or they are dis engaged leading to what has been referred to as an â€Å"engagement gap† that is costing US business $300 billion a year in lost productivity (Saks, 2006, Bates 2004, Johnson, 2004 Kowalski, 2003). Further, with the world becoming a global market place, where every thing is becoming a commodity, people and management of peoples talen t are becoming very critical components of an organizations ability to service its customer. Managing dis-engaged employees or non-engaged employees in a customer facing role is therefore that much more critical to the success and profitability of the business. Lockwood explains, â€Å"As organizations move forward into a boundaryless environment, the ability to attract, engage, develop and retain talent will hence, become increasingly important† In addition to the various literatures available from consultants, there have been a few researches conducted on the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement and also â€Å"What is employee engagement†. A very exhaustive analysis of employee engagement has bee done by Macey and Schneider (2008). In the study employee engagement has been explained as 3 facests viz., Psychological state engagement (Satisfaction, involvement, commitment, empowerment), Trait engagement (personality, conscientiousness) and Behavioural engagement (Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, Personal initiative, role expansion). Another research indicates that employee engagement constitutes two aspects viz., job engagement and organization engagement (Saks, 2006). Saks (2006 further found that employee engagement was significantly positively related to job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour and negatively related to intention to quit. Organizational Communication plays a very critical part in ensuring employee engagement. It has been established that clear, consise and honest communication is an important tool for employee engagement (Lockwood). It is further established that lack of communication or poorly communicated information can lead to distrust, dissatisfaction, skepticism and unwanted employee turnover. Studies demonstrate that there is a significant influence of Interpersonal trust on individual, group and organizational achievements (Earley, 1986; Robinson, 1996), Job Satisfaction (Driscoll, 1978; Muchinsky, 1977), Job Involvement (Saks, 2006) and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (Konovsky Pugh, 1994; McAllister, 1995). Studies have also underlined the central role of communication in developing and maintaining Trust (Gail, Zolin, Hartman, 2009; Becerra Gupta, 2003; Muchinsky, 1977). With particular reerence to recession, downsizing has become a harsh reality over the past 2 decades. These downsizing strategies come with other negative consequences of â€Å"attrition of employees who are not impacted by downsizing†. The problem is more profound when the attriting employees are top performers or employees with skills critical to future growth plans of the organization. Various studies have proved that downsizing negatively affects attitudes of employees surviving the downsizing by reducing organizational commitment, morale, job satisfaction and also increasing intention to quit and job stress (Arnold and Feldman, 1982; Greenhalge, 1982; Kozlowski et. al, 1993). It is therefore, very important for organizations to find ways to retain the attriting employees afer downsizing. Managerial communication and Organizational support can be looked at as possible avenues to reduce the negative effects of downsizing. Communication becomes very critical because employees believe that their organization holds them in low regard and ignores their interest (Anderson, 1996; Mclean Parks and Kidder, 1994). They also suspect that management communication is not credible for tat information is being withheld (Noer 1993, ONeill and Lenn, 1995). Employees need to understand how they fit into the overall plans of the organization in terms of their roles and contribution to the growth plans of the organizations. Various surveys in this regard indicate that employees want more communication with their managers (Argenti, 1998). There are various studies that have established a positive relationship between communication satisfaction and job satisfaction (Petit, Gori s and Vaught, 1997; Pincus 1996) and organization commitment (Varona, 1996). A communication ROI study by Watson Wyatt (2007-2008) revealed that â€Å"firms that communicate effectively are 4 times as likely to report high levels of employee engagement as firms that communicate less effectively. This study therefore, attempts to establish the impact of Organizational communication on mediating role of Trust in the relationship between Organizational Communication Satisfaction on Employee Engagement in the Information Technology / Information Technology Enabled Services (IT/ITES) industry in India. We have selected the IT/ITES) industry because of the significance of the impact during the recent recessionary period. Literature Review and Research Hypothesis Organizational Communication Organisation communication constitutes many dimensions spanning from formal and informal means of internal communication and external communications. A review of literature in this area reveals that Organizational communication can be classified into four different levels (SHRM Magazine) (i) Overall Organizational communication (ii) Inter-organizational communication (iii) Group-level communication (iv) Interpersonal communication Further, review of the research in this area underlines the importance of organizational communication towards building commitment, satisfaction and retention of employees in an organization. A number of studies (Burhans 1971, Downs 1971, Jain 1970) studied the relevance and importance of satisfaction with organizational communication. Such examinations of the communication-satisfaction relationship have produced, a construct called communication satisfaction, which is becoming a common reference in organizational literature (Downs and Hazen, 1977). Downs and Hazen, introduced the Communications Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) and conducted a factor analytic study of communication satisfaction. This study established eight stable definitions of communication satisfaction, which has also been enumerated as follows in another study by Clampitt Downs, 1993: Communication Climate reflects communication on both the organizational and personal level. On one hand, it includes items such as the extent to which communication in the organization motivates and stimulates workers to meet organizational goals and the extent to which it makes them identify with the organization. On the other, it includes estimates of whether or not peoples attitudes toward communicating are healthy in the organization. Supervisory Communication includes both upward and downward aspects of communicating with superiors. Three of the principal items include the extent to which a superior is open to ideas, the extent to which the supervisor listens and pays attention, and the extent to which guidance is offered in solving job-related problems. Organizational Integration revolves around the degree to which individuals receive information about the immediate work environment. Items include the degree of satisfaction with information about departmental plans, the requirements of their jobs, and some personnel news. Media Quality deals with the extent to which meetings are well organized, written directives are short and clear, and the degree to which the amount of communication is about right. Co-worker Communication concerns the extent to which horizontal and informal communication is accurate and free flowing. This factor also includes satisfaction with the activeness of the grapevine. Corporate Information deals with broadest kind of information about the organization as a whole. It includes items on notification about changes, information about the organizations financial standing, and information about the overall policies and goals of the organization. Personal Feedback is concerned with the workers need to know how they are being judged and how their performance is being appraised. Subordinate Communication focuses on upward and downward communication with subordinates. Only workers in a supervisory capacity respond to these items, which include subordinate responsiveness to downward communication and the extent to which subordinates initiate upward communication. Crino White (1981) investigated Communication Satisfaction with 137 supervisors from textile mills. Similarly, Pincus (1986) used the CSQ in a study of nurses and their supervisors to investigate the relationship between communication and job satisfaction and job performance. These findings had resulted in the CSQ being the most widely used scale when measuring communication satisfaction. The notable aspect though is, that the studies by Downs Hazens (1977) and Crino White (1981) exploratory factor analysis rather than confirmator factor analysis for assessing the validity of the CSQ. Theerefore, the convergent and discriminant validity of the CSQ was under question. Further, until the introduction of CSQ, Communication was considered as an unidimensional construct. The underlying belief was that employees are either satisfied or dis-satisfied with communication. However, with the introduction of the CSQ changed it communication satisfaction to be viewed as a multi-dimensional construct wherein, employees could be satisfied or dis-sastisfied with one or more aspects of communication and be dis-satisfied. Gary and Laidlaw (2004) assessed the CSQ using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Their study used a series of congeneric measurement models to study the validity and reliability of the CSQ. Based on the study, Gary Laidlaw concluded, â€Å"the results substantiate CSQ as a valid instrument for measuring communication satisfaction and supports the multi-dimensional aspects of the communication satisfacation construct. This study therefore, proposes to establish the convergent and discriminant validity and reliability of the CSQ for the purpose of IT/ITES sector in India. The study also proposes to establish the relationships between the individual dimensions of Organizational Communication Satisfaction using First order and Second order Confirmatory Factor Analysis. H1 : Dimensions of Organisation Communication Satisfaction are inter-related H2 : Organisational Communication Satisfaction is explained by Organisational Integration, Supervisory communication, Personal Feedback, Corporate Information, Communication Climate and Media Quality. Employee Engagement Employee engagement has been drawing a lot of importance in various organizations in recent times. There have been few research works on employee engagement (Robinson et al, 200) and most of understanding comes from Consulting firms and Independent Research agencies. There have been various definitions of employee engagement. Employee engagement is the level of commitment and involvement an employee has towards their organization and its values (Vazirani, 2007). Engagement is the willingness and ability to contribute to company success, the extent to which employees put discretionary effort into their work, in the form of extra time, brainpower and energy (Towers Perrin, 2007). Often used as a synonym for motivation or motivation and retention; engagement is really more fundamental. Engagement is an employees decision to apply his discretionary effort to the goals of the enterprise, to accept those goals as his own and wholeheartedly commit himself to achieving them. (Fineman Carter 2007) Though employee engagement as a concept has been drawing a lot of importance, it is still a term widely referred among consulting firms and independent research agencies. There have been very few empirical research initiatives in the academic world to establish the definition of the construct â€Å"employee engagement†. Mickey and Schneider (2008) have done a detailed study on â€Å"the meaning of employee engagement† and have established a series of propositions covering 3 facets : a) Psychological stage engagement b) Behavioural engagement c) Trait engagement. This research though will focus on the psychological state engagement facet since this has received maximum attention and is central to the engagement issue. Further, the scope of the research is focussed towards examining the impact of Organizational Communication Satisfaction on Employee Engagement. Past researches on similar subjects have all focussed on studying the relationship between Organizational Communication Satisfaction on individual aspects of State Engagement viz., Satisfaction, Commitment and Involvement. Mickey and Schneider (2008), while explaining the psychological state engagement have studied 4 different aspects viz., Job satisfaction, Organizational commitment, Psychological empowerment and Job involvement. They have further referred to various related research in each of the above aspects and thereby analyse each of the aboe aspects as a facet or antecedent or consequence of employee engagement. Their study and analysis is as follows : Engagement as Job Satisfaction In defining Job Satisfaction as a facet of employee engagement, the views of Erickson (2005) are noteworthy; â€Å"Engagement is above or beyond simple satisfaction with the employment arrangement or basic loyalty to the employer. Engagement in contrast is about passion and commitment, the willingness to invest oneself and expand ones discretionary effort to help the employer succeed† Therefore, it is beyond basic loyalty and is about the emotional aspect of Job satisfaction that triggers emotions and feelings of energy, enthusiasm and thereby constitutes a very important aspect of Engagement. Engagement as Organization Commitment In defining Organizational commitment as an important facet of employee engagement, the views from various contributions are noteworthy (Wellins and Concelman, 2005; OReilly Chatman, 1986; Mowday, Porter Steers, 1982; Meyer and Allens, 1997; Meyer, Becker Vanderberghe, 2004). These significant contributions lead to definitions; employees exert extra energy in support of the organization, feel proud as a key contrinbutor to the organization and its success and enjoy a personal identity with the organization. This leads to organization commitment being defined as a key facet of engagement (Mickey Schneider, 2008). While analysing organization commitment, there is also an analysis around organization / job withdrawal thereby suggesting that commitment as a state of engagement also relates to how long an employee stays as a result of commitment (The Corporate Executive Board, 2006) Engagement as Job Involvement The next aspect analysed by Mickey and Schneider (2008) is Job Involvement. Job Involvement has been defined â€Å"as the degree to which an employee psychologically relates to his or her job and the work performed therein and specifically equated job involvement and job commitment (Cooper-Hakim and Visweswaran, 2005). Brown (1996), Mathieu and Zajacs (1990) have also come up the conclusion that job involvement is an antecedent to organizational commitment. Brown further concluded that organizational withdrawal decisions are less related to job involvement than to organizational commitment. Erickson (2005) described job involvement as a key antecedent of the state of engagement. Based on the analysis and significant well researched contributions, we identify Job Satisfaction, Organizational commitment and withdrawal as key facets of employee engagement. Further, Saks (2006) has conducted a good study on the antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. The research conceptualized engagement as being reflective of the extent to which an individual is psychologically present in a particular organizational role (Kahn, 1990; Rothbard, 2001). It was further conceptualized that there are two dominant roles attributable to most organizational members viz., their work role and their role as a member of the organization. These two roles led to the two components of employee engagement: Job and Organization engagement. Saks (2006) further found that that Job and Organization engagement were significantly positively related to Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and negatively related to intention to quit. In summary, employee engagement is about ones emotional commitment towards the organization, being psychologically involved and willingness ability to walk that extra mile in achieving the Organizational goals and objectives. Based on the above review, it is understood that employee engagement mainly constitutes three aspects viz., Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and intention to stay. This study aims at establishing a relationship between the facets / components of Employee Engagement using 2nd order Confirmatory Factor Analysis. This study further proposes to establish the convergent and discriminant validity and reliability of the various facets of employee engagement using First and Second order Confirmatory Factor Analysis H3 : Dimensions of Employee Engagement are interrelated H4 : Employee engagement is explained by Organisational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Withdrawl Cognition Organization Communication Satisfaction and Employee Engagement The next dimension studied was the relationship between Organizational Communication and Employee Engagement in organizations. Employees see managers as trustworthy when their communication is accurate and forthcoming. In addition, adequate explanations and timely feedback on decisions lead to higher levels of trust (Folger Konovsky, 1989; Konovsky Cropanzano, 1991; Sapienza Korsgaard, 1996). Evidently, managers who take the time to explain their decisions thoroughly are likely to be perceived as trustworthy. Finally, open communication, in which managers exchange thoughts and ideas freely with employees, enhances perceptions of trust (Butler, 1991; Farris, Senner, Butterfield, 1973; Gabarro, 1978; Hart, Capps, Cangemi, Caillouet, 1986). Lockwood states that â€Å"lack of communication or poorly communicated information can lead to distrust, dissatisfaction, skepticism, cynicism and unwanted turnover. This is even more relevant in times of crisis as observed by Meyers in 1986 ; â€Å"When a crisis occurs, employees are affected on a personal level, in ways and to an extent unlike in any other audience. Their immediate reaction is often to be stunned and lose a sense of common purpose and cohesiveness Gripped by fear, employees may stray from their sense of reality and turn inward, focusing exclusively on their personal needs and ignoring the organizations needs†. Pincus Acharya, 1998 observed that â€Å"Employees who are uncertain about their jobs, health, or safety may deny, misinterpret, selectively perceive, or tune out information from management about the crisis situation because they may be blinded by their own sense of a personal crisis.† These studies lead us the understanding that â€Å"clear, consice, timely and honest communication is a very important management tool towards building employee engagement in Organizations (Lockwood). As discussed earlier, there have been many consultants and independent research organizations, which have established communication as a very critical component in enabling employee engagement in organizations. Further, there have been individual studies relating organizational communication and the individual facets and antecedents of employee engagement. This study proposes to study the relationship of Organization Communication Satisfaction on Employee Engagement using second-generation analysis tecnique, Structural Equation Modelling. H5 : Organisation Communication Satisfaction has a positive impact on Employee Engagement.. Research Methodology Questionnaire Design The Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire (Downs and Hazens, 1977) was selected for the Organization Communication construct of the study. We have used on seven factors of the CSQ beause the eighth factor, subordinate communication since this study was not aimed at personnel in their role as employees and not supervisors. For the Employee Engagement construct, each of the individual facets was measured on borrowed scales. Job Satisfaction was measured on 5 items taken from the scale developed by Price and Muellar (1986). Organization Commitment was measured on 6 items taken from the scale developed by Meyer, Allen and Smith (1997) while Withdrawal Cognition was measured on 3-item scale developed by De Conninck and Bachmann (2005). Since we are using borrowed scales for each of the constructs, it is important to first establish the validity and reliability of the scale. In other words, the items must reflect what they are intended to measure (face validity) and represent a proper sample of the domain of each construct (content valididty), and pass other tests of validity (discriminant, convergent and predictive validity) in order for a measure to have construct validity (Hardesty and Bearden, 2003). As a first step, we carried out a face validity of the constructs of the study. Based on the approaches discussed by Hardesty and Bearden, we identified a panel of 7 judges to assess the face validity. The judges were exposed to the definition of each construct, overall scope and objective of the study and the individual items under each construct (Total number of items was 49). Each judge was requested to rate the importance and relevance of the item to the constructs conceptual definition on a scale of 1-10 (1-Lea st important to 10-Most Important). (eg. How would items like â€Å"I find real enjoyment in my job† or â€Å"I am seldom bored with my job†). Additional remarks were also sought from the judges on whether multiple items under a construct mean the same and also which among the items was a better representative of the constructs conceptual definition. These results were summarized by Judge for each item and the items which were given a weightage of â€Å"less than 8† were considered for reduction. During the content validity stage, the judges unanimously felt that co-worker communication, as a dimension was not too relevant from an engagement perspective since a lot of it was not largely under the control of the organization. However, one item in the co-worker communication was felt necessary to be included viz., â€Å"Extent to which communication practices are adaptable to emergencies† and hence, the same was retained and included in the dimension  "Communication climate†. Similarly, the item viz., â€Å"Information about changes in our organization† and â€Å"Information about company goals and policies† were the only 2 items left under the dimenstion â€Å"Corporate Information†. Since it is required to have atleast 3 items under each dimension / factor for Structured Equation Modelling, these 2 items were grouped under the dimension â€Å"Organizational Integration†. Therefore, in the final questionnaire (total number of items 29), Organizational Communication Satisfaction was reduced to 5 factors viz., Organizational Integration, Supervisory Communication, Personal Feedback, Communication Climate and Media Quality. The factors under Employee Engagement were all retained viz., Organization commitment, Job satisfaction and Withdrawl cognition. In addition to the 2 sections representing the main constructs of the study, the questionnaire also covered a brief write up covering the purpose of the study as well as explicit statements of assurance to the respondents about the confidentiality of their responses and that the responses would be used for academic purposes only. Data Collection and Sampling : For this study, primary data was collected through structured undisguised questionnaires adminstered to the respondents. Questionnaires were administered through personal contacts / meetings and through mail as per the convenience of the respondent at home or in office. The respondents were requested to spare few minutes to provide categorical responses to items in the questionnaire The respondents for the study were selected from the personnel of organizations in Information Technology (IT) / Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) industry in India. A total of 275 questionnaires were administered to the respondents. 264 questionnaires were found to be complete in all respects, giving a response rate of 96.%. A further 29 invalid questionnaires were eliminated (those questionnaires where too many items were left unanswered or the same response was given to all the questions) and thereby 235 valid questionnaires were taken for further analysis. Measurements The study hypothesis covers 2 Constructs Organization Communication Satisfaction (OCS) and Employee Engagement (EE). OCS is measured for 5 key dimensions / Factors viz., Organization Integration, Supervisory Communication, Personal Feedback, Communication Climate and Media Quality while EE is measured on 3 key dimensions / factors viz., Organization commitment, Job satisfaction and Withdrawal Cognition. The 8 categorical dimensions were measured on the following items / variables: Factor / Dimenstion Items / Variables of measurement Organization Communication Satisfaction (OCS) Organization Integration Information about the requirements of my job Information about my progress in my job Information about company policies and goals Information about changes in our organization Supervisory Communication Extent to which my supervisor listens and pays attention to me Extent to which my supervisor offers guidance for solving job related problems Extent to which my supervisor trusts me Extent to which my supervisor is open to ideas Personal Feedback Information about how I am being assessed Information about how my efforts are recognized and rewarded Extent to which superiors know and understand the problems faced by subordinates Communication Climate Extent to which the organizations communication motivates and stimulates an enthusiasm for meeting its goals Extent to which the organizations communication makes me identify with it or feel a vital part of it Extent to which communication practices are adaptable to emergencies Extent to which I receive in time the information need to do my job Media Quality Extent to which written directives and reports are clear and concise Extent to which the attitudes toward communication in the organization are basically healthy Extent to which the amount of communication in the organization is about right Employee Engagement Organization Commitment I really feel as if this organizations problems are my own I do not feel like part of the family at my organization (R) I do not feel emotionally attached to this organization (R) This organization has a great deal of personal meaning for me I do not feel strong sense of belonging to my organization (R) Job Satisfaction I find real enjoyment in my job Most days I am enthusiastic about my job I feel fairly well satisfied with my job Withdrawal Cognition I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career in this Company Within the next six months, I would rate the likelihood of leaving my present job as high All the variables are categorical in nature and were measured on a categorical scale (5 point Likert). Data Analysis We have applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as the tool of analysis for maximum likelihood estimation for examining the proposed hypotheses. As suggested by many researchers (e.g. Anderson Gerbing, 1998), we have chosen the Two-step analysis method wherein in the first step, we conduct the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) based on the correlation coefficient matrix of each measurement item (i.e. dimenstions / factors of OCS and dimensions / factors of EE). In the second step, after confirming the fitness of the cons

Early Developments Of Narrative Cinema Film

Early Developments Of Narrative Cinema Film Using either two short films from films silent period (pre 1929), or one short film and an extract from a longer film (both of which should also be pre 1929) discuss what they can tell us about the early developments of narrative cinema. Early development of narrative cinema pre 1929 (silent films) Films have changed a great deal since the earliest productions in the silent era of around 1898 to around 1929, when the development of sound was conceived. Many advances in film have enhanced the viewing pleasure, from the almost alien productions created nearly a hundred years ago, for example Georges Melies Voyage to the Moon (1902), to the familiar films of our generation, such as James Camerons Avatar. This essay will discuss the changes made from a visual and aesthetic cinema to a structured narrative cinema. Also how films may have evolved in both plot and story, and also how the development of the narrative form changed, in some respects, films viewing purpose and audiences expectations. Analyzing why films which contain narratives and the ability to derive tension from their audience overtook the medium most popular at the time, the cinema of attractions, will help us to understand how films viewing changed. By comparing two very different silent films, Rescued by Rover (directed by Lewin Fitzhamon 1905) and Broken Blossoms (directed by D .W. Griffith 1919) one would expect to see a great many differences, not only technological (such as the length of the films, and editing advancements) but also such things as character development, and characters emotional drives along with the variety of devices which drive the narrative forward. Comparing the entirety of Rescued by Rover with just a short scene from Broken Blossoms will enable us to select the clear advances in narrative structure and understand their development from the simple action and consequence format to the in-depth emotional build up created by films made later during the silent film era. The early 1900s saw change and growth, in both the production of short films and the demand. Thomas Elsaesser discusses this notion in his book Early Cinema: Space, Frame, Narrative suggesting that 1905 saw the production of many stable permanent theaters being set up as well as the film industry trying to knit developments together, such as the first full film reel and a number of film theaters allowing the exchange of films as a means of distribution. These and other developments, took place in order to try and produce a stable industry. The introduction of films containing narratives has played a significant role in the popularity and production of films. Short silent films shown just before and during the very early 1900s did not focus on the need to tell a story as much, maybe because the development of film only really began a decade before. However, on March 22, 1895, in Paris, France, the Socià ©tà © dEncouragement à   lIndustrie Nationale (National Society for the Promotion of Industry) gathered to watch a film depicting factory workers leaving for their dinner hour, which although may seem primitive to an audience of today, must have been an impressive show and indeed an exciting step forward from the kinetoscope. The film, screened and viewed in front of an audience, was an innovation created by brothers Louis Lumià ¨re (1864-1948) and Auguste Lumià ¨re (1862-1954). Loius Lumiere made many short films which included, LArroseur arrose, known in English as The Gardener and the Bad Boy, which unlike the pr evious films contained a comic narrative structure. Joel. W. Finler in his book Silent Cinema: before the coming of sound, states that although shot from a fixed camera position, the picture demonstrates a sophisticated use of the film frame, suggesting that the film had previous planning and each frame had been structured for both characters so that they would fit nicely, showing early attempts to add to the film aesthetically. Rescued by Rover was made in 1905. It was directed by Cecil Hepworth and Lewin Fizhamon and the Hepworth manufacturing company was the production company. The short film is about a baby who is kidnapped by an old woman, but luckily the family collie rescues the baby. The film is very easy to follow, containing a variety of simple shots all helping the viewer to follow the narrative. The first shot is of the baby and the dog sitting quietly together, then the mother is seen wheeling the baby up a path in her pram, a nasty old woman approaches the mother begging, but the mother walks on, ignoring the old woman. In the next shot the mother is distracted by another man talking to her. They both chat while sneakily the old woman steals her precious baby. This is a simple example of films early jump to the narrative structure. In narrative it is all the events, both explicitly presented and inferred that make the story, an example of this is provided in Rescued by Rover. Three shots are used to set up the plot,( the baby and dog together, the mother pushing the baby the baby is taken.) followed by another sixteen shots showing Rover tracking down the child, these sixteen shots are repeated twice more to show, (in reverse) the dog returning home and then again when rover takes the father with him, however a forth repeat of the sequence is not shown (the dog, the father and the baby returning home together) and instead a shot of the kidnapper returning to her room, followed by a shot of the reunited family is provided. The film assumes that the audience does not need to see the Father, baby and dog returning home, but that the audience is able to identify that this was happening while the shot of the beggar woman returning to her house was shown. The films ability to involve itself with the audience and coherently lay each relevant characters plight, initiates an emotional response, such as sympathy for the baby and sorrow for the mother when she loses her baby. Films like The Gardener and the Bad Boy and Rescued by Rover are clear examples of why the demand for narrative films grew. Bernard F Dick discusses narrative films advance in his book Anatomy of Film, Fifth edition, saying the narrative film came about when film makers discovered the medium could do more than just record whatever was in front of the camera. The next step was not only to capture it but to re-create it; to show what could or might be; in other words to tell a story. This suggests that films such as Rescued by Rover and The Gardener and the Bad Boy where successful experiments in the field of narrative cinema and led to much more in-depth narrative films. Broken Blossoms, the film directed by D W Griffith, stands proudly among the greats of the silent film era, and unlike Rescued by Rover, uses intertitles. Bernard. F.Dick, in Anatomy of Film, discusses this notion when commenting, Printed material that appeared on the screen periodically during the course of the movie, the intertitle was one of the ways in which the silent filmmaker supplemented the narrative or clarified the action; it is also a reminder of films early dependence on printed word. D.W.Griffith used intertitles for a variety of purposes, not just to reproduce dialogue and identify characters. One clear difference in the two films, Rescued by Rover and Broken Blossoms, is the ability to develop a much more in-depth relationship between the character and the viewer. Broken Blossoms, contains both a larger plot and story opening up to a wider range of audiences, because of its variety in characters (the poor lost girl with what seems like no hope, and the wandering Chinese man whose fame and respect are as nothing in a cruel foreign world.) Broken Blossoms also uses different advances in camera work: to better tell a story, such as the scene in which the poor girls ghastly father finds her sleeping in the Chinese mans bed, the scene cuts backwards and forwards from shots of the fathers face getting more and more angry, to the girl becoming more and more scared shot and the scene is edited correctly for convincing continuity, and the correct level of tension has been created. However D.W.Griffith has allowed for emotion to be displayed though characters actions as well, inste ad of only using Intertitles in the scene where the father discovers Lucy in the Chinese mans room, such as You! with a dirty chink! and Taint nothin wrong! Taint nothin wrong! I fell down in the doorway and it wasnt nothin wrong! Different shots are given to display the emotions of the father and Lucy, several close up shots of both Lucy and the father are provided. The tension is built up by the shots of their faces getting closer and closer until the audience is shown an extreme close up of their eyes, this serves to drive the plot and create emotional response from the viewers. From viewing early silent films and analyzing both Rescued by Rover and Broken Blossoms, one conclusion dominates above others: the progression narrative film has taken in film makers ability to tell a story, from a simple plot such as a dog saving a baby, to the elaborate plot of Broken Blossoms and its Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet-esc plot, filled with emotionally provoking moments. The development of a simple narrative working within a film has enabled us to make, and watch films with far more complex narratives. The simple narrative films of the past have paved the way for the future and the coming of sound and colour, bringing films to life with a vivid and beautifully developed mode of story telling.

anger management Essay -- essays research papers

Anger Management Anger Management Education, founded in 1994, provided education and psychotherapy to individuals to help make sense of and manage anger in their everyday lives (Anger Management 1). Anger remains a healthy emotion when expressed appropriately, although devastating effects may still exist. Anger lies at the root of many personal and social problems, such as child abuse, domestic and community violence, physical and verbal abuse. Anger also affects our physical health, by contributing to headaches, migraines, severe gastrointestinal symptoms, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Many of us do not have the knowledge or abilities required to express our anger as a healthy emotion. As a result, some of us store and suppress our anger, while others may express it, but in negative and unhealthy ways. Doctors knew for a long time that adults who dealt with anger poorly, stand a higher chance to develop heart disease and high blood pressure problems (Leopold 2). About 20 percent of us express angry personalities, 20 percent fairly easygoing, and the remaining 60 percent of the population fall somewhere in the middle (Foltz-Gray 132). Harvard researchers found that those with higher levels of anger stood at an increased risk of heart attack (133). In a study published in Health Psychology in 1999, heart-attack patients in Canada who received anger management training made significant reduction in blood pressure levels and needed less follow up care compared w...

The Soldier Macbeth Is A Hero, The Man Macbeth Is A Coward :: essays research papers

Macbeth is a hero and a coward, often at the same time depending on what meaning of the words you use. Macbeth is the hero of the story but he doesn’t act like a hero, except for a time at the beginning of the play (Act 1 Scene 2). After Macbeth murders Duncan, he doesn’t ever become his heroic self again. Macbeth then becomes a coward, which he demonstrates by killing in cold blood all the people that pose even a small threat to him, including his companion and comrade, Banquo who is suspicious of him, which can be seen in the text. Banquo. Act 1 Scene 3 Line 120 â€Å"That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown Besides thane of Cawdor.† If we were to say Macbeth was a coward in today’s meaning of the word, which is an old one at that and use it in a Shakespearean play, which was written in 1606, we could be seriously misinterpreting the word. The word coward comes from the Latin derivation meaning simply â€Å"tail†, but we can also see this word as meaning not just â€Å"one without courage† (Chambers Dictionary) but also meaning one without pity, objectivity or compassion, which Macbeth shows very few signs of. By killing the king while he was sleeping, Macbeth was displaying some very dire signs of being a coward. Macbeth. Act 2 Scene 1 Line 62 â€Å"I go and it is done; the bell invites me Hear it now Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.† Macbeth is blaming others- the Bell- for his cowardly act. But, by using the old meaning of the word, Macbeth would be the tail, but he cannot be, because he is a Thane, which is someone who is wealthy and has lots of land. If we were to say Macbeth was a hero, we could also be misinterpreted. Chambers Dictionary says that â€Å"Hero† coming from the Greek words â€Å"Heros† means that the Hero is â€Å"the principal male figure, who career is the thread of the story†. This meaning would be correct, but hero also can be seen as meaning the saviour of the story who defeats the enemy. Macbeth cannot be seen as acting in a heroic way as he is the one who killed all those people in cold blood and committed regicide in order to obtain the throne. Macbeth can also be seen as acting in a very brave way by even attempting to kill the king, but it is a also very stupid thing to do because if he were to get caught he would almost certainly be killed. The Soldier Macbeth Is A Hero, The Man Macbeth Is A Coward :: essays research papers Macbeth is a hero and a coward, often at the same time depending on what meaning of the words you use. Macbeth is the hero of the story but he doesn’t act like a hero, except for a time at the beginning of the play (Act 1 Scene 2). After Macbeth murders Duncan, he doesn’t ever become his heroic self again. Macbeth then becomes a coward, which he demonstrates by killing in cold blood all the people that pose even a small threat to him, including his companion and comrade, Banquo who is suspicious of him, which can be seen in the text. Banquo. Act 1 Scene 3 Line 120 â€Å"That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown Besides thane of Cawdor.† If we were to say Macbeth was a coward in today’s meaning of the word, which is an old one at that and use it in a Shakespearean play, which was written in 1606, we could be seriously misinterpreting the word. The word coward comes from the Latin derivation meaning simply â€Å"tail†, but we can also see this word as meaning not just â€Å"one without courage† (Chambers Dictionary) but also meaning one without pity, objectivity or compassion, which Macbeth shows very few signs of. By killing the king while he was sleeping, Macbeth was displaying some very dire signs of being a coward. Macbeth. Act 2 Scene 1 Line 62 â€Å"I go and it is done; the bell invites me Hear it now Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven, or to hell.† Macbeth is blaming others- the Bell- for his cowardly act. But, by using the old meaning of the word, Macbeth would be the tail, but he cannot be, because he is a Thane, which is someone who is wealthy and has lots of land. If we were to say Macbeth was a hero, we could also be misinterpreted. Chambers Dictionary says that â€Å"Hero† coming from the Greek words â€Å"Heros† means that the Hero is â€Å"the principal male figure, who career is the thread of the story†. This meaning would be correct, but hero also can be seen as meaning the saviour of the story who defeats the enemy. Macbeth cannot be seen as acting in a heroic way as he is the one who killed all those people in cold blood and committed regicide in order to obtain the throne. Macbeth can also be seen as acting in a very brave way by even attempting to kill the king, but it is a also very stupid thing to do because if he were to get caught he would almost certainly be killed.

The SDLC

Several different projects may be required during the life of a system, first to develop the original system and then upgrade it later. The primary concern is with getting the system developed and deployed the very first time. One of the key, fundamental concepts in information system development is the Systems Development Life Cycle. The Systems Development Life Cycle is an entire process of building, deploying, using, and updating an information system Satzinger, J. W. , Jackson, R. B. , & Burd, S. D. (2009).Systems development includes four project managers, six system analysts, 10 programmer analysts, and a couple of clerical support employees. This paper has two objectives. The first is to explain the components of a formal SDLC process. The second is to identify types of employees involved in the SDLC process and their roles Although it is difficult to find a single, comprehensive classification system that encompasses all of the approaches, one useful technique is to categoriz e SDLC approaches according to whether they are more predictive or adaptive.In predictive the requirements are well understood and well defined. There is low technical risk. On the other hand in adaptive, the requirements and needs are uncertain. There is high technical risk. The SDLC consist of four groups of activities: planning, analysis, design, and implementation. These activities are sometimes referred to as phases, and they are the elements that provide the framework for managing the project. Throughout the SDLC, the analyst’s role as a project manager is being responsible for initiating, planning, executing, and closing down the systems development project Satzinger, J.  W. , Jackson, R. B. , & Burd, S. D. (2009).Project management is arguably the most important aspect of an information systems development project. Effective project management helps ensure that systems development projects meet customer expectations and are delivered within budget and time constrain ts. A project manager will periodically review the status of all ongoing project task activities to assess whether the activities will be completed early, on time, or late.Moreover, project scheduling and management require that time, costs, and resources be controlled. The roles and responsibilities of developers are large in number. The primary responsibilities are: to write code or documentation patches or contribute positively to the project in other ways. A developer’s contribution is always recognized. The software developer has to evaluate, assess and recommend software and hardware solutions. Develop software, architecture, specifications and technical interfaces.Design, initiate and handle technical designs and complex application features. Initiate and drive major changes in programs, procedures and methodology. And Coordinate with other developers and software professionals. Once system developers have accumulated the user requirements for the new system, analysts proceed to the system design stage. A system analyst researches problem, plans solutions, recommends software and systems, at least at the functional level, and coordinates development to meet business or other requirements Hughes, A.  (2013).A system analyst may identify, understand and plan for organizational and human impacts of planned systems, and ensure that new technical requirements are properly integrated with existing processes and skill sets. The analyst should also plan a system flow form the ground up, perform system testing, deploy the completed system, document requirements or contribute to user manuals, and help programmers during system development. Whenever programmers need help the system analyst provides use cases, flowcharts or even database design.The most difficult task in system analysis is to identify the specific requirements that the system must satisfy. System development projects are organized around the systems development life cycle (SDLC), and phase s the SDLC include activities that must be completed for any system development project. These phases are project planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. Any organization can develop an information system in lots of ways. . System development includes four project managers, six system analysts, 10 programmer analysts, and a couple of clerical support employees.The role of a project manager is organizing and directing other people to achieve a planned result within a predetermined schedule and budget. The project manager can be defined as the processes used to plan the project and then monitor and control it. The other systems analysts assigned to the team are experienced developers with strong analytical skills, as well as experience in managing and controlling projects Hughes, A. (2013). Some developers think of a model as documentation produced after the analysis and design work is done.