The Ultimate Solution for Hardest Gre Essay Topics You Can Find Out About Today

The Ultimate Solution for Hardest Gre Essay Topics You Can Find Out About Today The first element of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the sections of the argument that relate to the job. Some people think that scientific discoveries have given us a far better mastery of the world around us. Don't attempt to compare the religions as a whole with no particular criteria. Therefore, before test day I'd earn a list of numerous important historical figures, events, documents, and so on, and have these examples in my personal arsenal. Most Noticeable Hardest Gre Essay Topics A paper is always simpler to write if you're interested in this issue, and you're going to be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that truly covers the whole subject. Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of research on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little preliminary searching and make certain you are going to have all the info you must compose your paper. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be certain you decide on a wonderful topic before you commence writing. Even if a specific research paper topic is getting a great deal of buzz at this time or other individuals seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. At this time you've got to be in a position to understand the differences between both topics you'll be presented with. Therefore, if you practice with merely a few prompts per category, you ought to be ready. The topics would be associated with the normal troubles. There are many sites and publications that provide GRE-like reading. The writing of your essay is a little hard job to do, as, to begin with, you will need to pick out an acceptable topic. Before you commence writing a single word of your paper, you first will need to understand what your thesis will be. One of the absolute most important features about a compelling essay is its capacity to convince the reader by way of sound logical reasoning. There are a few commonalities across each of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the simple fact which each task asks you to take a look at some sort of argument and analyze it. You've got not to forget that the focus of this second essay is to under stand in case you have learned how to critique a report. In the issue essay, you will be supplied a topic that's debatable. Take the time to proofread your essay, when you finish writing it. Discover steps you may take now to increase your AWA essay. The essay graders know that you simply get 30 minutes to compose each AWA essay and in addition, they know that you won't have the ability to cover every potential argument, reason and rebuttal. More creative tips on how to receive your essay graded here. The 2nd essay would be about the argument analysis. Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. There are quite a lot of sites that can help you in evaluating your essays and also in supplying you with useful GRE sample essays. The gre essay is broken into different sections, and the main section appears to be the analytical writing assessment portion which is composed of two essays. As a result, if you would like to know the GRE sample essays clearly, you have to first go through these links which will provide you with a fair idea of the way to prepare for this test section, what the test section contains and what all to bear in mind whilst writing the essays. To begin with, utilize the perfect-scoring sample GRE essays within this guide as models of feasible approaches to achieve the essay tasks. Don't worry you don't will need to use the complete selection of vocabulary you'll discover throughout the GRE Verbal section. Vocabulary flashcards One good plan is to begin the day with GRE. Welcome to structure it includes the gre. Figure out the proportion of questions in every one of the four primary GRE math types. Make the weaknesses of the majority of test takers your strengths and you will up your probability of making a top score. Test takers all over the world believe they can easily master AWA in a day or two. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. Should you do, you've started failing the test already. Opt for a prompt at random from above, or pick a topic that you believe will be hard that you detach from (because you are going to want to write about this issue, as opposed to the argument) set timer to 50 minutes and compose the essay. Be sure to spell out the way the answers to the questions would help to value the conclusion. Be sure to spell out the way the answers to these questions would help to value the advice. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would want to get answered to be able to determine whether the recommendation will probably have the predicted outcome.

The Etiology of Addiction Disease Model Essay examples

Addiction is like all behaviours â€Å"the business of the brain†. Addictions are compulsive physical and psychological needs from habit-forming sustenances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs. Being occupied with or involved in such activities, leads a person who uses them again and again to become tolerant and dependent eventually experiencing withdrawal. (Molintas, 2006). Addictive drugs cause dopamine neurons to release dopamine, the pleasure hormone. The narcotics disable the neurons that would usually keep the dopamine neurons in check; becoming over stimulated. Endorphins are produced and released within the brain, creating a high and reinforcing the individual’s positive associations with the activity. Hence â€Å"the rush† (Molintas, 2006)†¦show more content†¦(David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 20) Those people who over consumed were regarded as weak-willed or sinful but were not felt to be a threat to society. Records indicate that people sought help for drinking problems in Egypt approximately 5000 years ago. Even though there has been substantial research, many questions remain regarding addiction (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 20). Historically in the later part of the 18th century, the teachings and writings of Benjamin Rush actually precipitated the birth of the American disease concept of alcoholism as an addiction (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 10). Benjamin Rush; a physician, originally from Philadelphia began to write about inebriety (UnKnown, 2011). He referred to this condition as a disease of the will, resulting in loss of control, and that over-drinking behaviour is curable but only through abstinence (David Capuzzi, 2008, p. 10) (UnKnown, 2011). The rationale for this view was that no rational person would deliberately engage in a behaviour that was both anti-social and harmful to them. Hence they must be consuming substances against their will, which is unlike normal people. They had no control over their consumption so they had to have a â€Å"disease† (UnKnown, 2011). In 1960 E.M. Jellinek a scientist, was credited for introducing this controversial and initially popular model of addiction from past research of the late 1930`s and early 1940`s. His findings have received wide acceptance however, the research from which heShow MoreRelatedMontoyaW Conceptualizingaddictionpaper1080 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Montoya Williams BSHS/455 November 4, 2014 Carla Malewicz Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Introduction For many years, individuals have battled substance abuse and addiction. My position comes from hearing about it, having seeing results from it, and reading about it, also developing my own thoughts about addiction. Weil and Rosen (1993) believe that a drug use (and addiction) results from humans longing for a sense of completeness and wholeness, and searchingRead MoreRehabilitation Of Addiction And Addictive Behaviors Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesover the topic of treatment modalities, especially as it relates to addiction. Many treatments, models, and theories have claimed success individually when applied to the rehabilitation of addiction and addictive behaviors. In the field of counseling, there are numerous methods that have demonstrated positive results, all with their own benefits and limitations. As time progresses and the field of clinical mental health and addictions counseling matures, it appears that more and professional are adoptingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Addiction1307 Words   |  6 PagesEtiology of Addiction Addiction can come in many forms, and be influenced by many different factors. The cause and influence for one’s addiction is never the same as any other person; however, some cases may have similar points that they touch on. No matter what the cause is of an individual’s substance usage or addiction, we can always refer to several different models that describe the etiology of addiction, and utilize the one that best fits the start, severity, and course of an individual’sRead MoreTheories of the Etiology of Addiction Essay2149 Words   |  9 PagesCertain models and theories regarding addiction have a tremendously valuable impact con society’s reaction toward addiction. There are certain aspects of each theory which are very important in the treatment of addiction. Not all addicts and alcoholics fit into the specific criteria of one theory or model so it is beneficial for Chemical Dependency Counselors to have an in depth understanding of various theori es to draw from. Most theories about addiction fail to provide a comprehensive account ofRead MoreDrug Abuse And Substance Abuse Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse treatment is very important in reducing crime and preventing disease. This helps the inmates their families and the whole community. Substance abuse treatment helps people cut back or stop injecting heroin, cocaine and other drugs. This lowers their chances of contracting HIV/AIDS or hepatitis. It also reduces high-risk sexual behavior that spread these diseases. For most of the substance users, addiction and crime are closely intertwined. Users are commonly arrested and prosecutedRead MoreJuvenile Children Of Alcoholics ( Acoas )1594 Words   |  7 Pagesoptions. In order to do this successfully, attention must be given to the etiology of addiction and possible biological characteristics which may lead to a predisposition for addiction. As with any research in social science, remaining objective is key. Examining the various gaps in knowledge and also the limitations in research is necessary when making conclusions about ACoA patients seeking treatment. Considering different models of recovery may be helpful for counselors and treatment centers to provideRead MoreThe Brain‚Äà ´s Rewarding System Addiction1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brain’s Rewarding System Addiction Biopsychology Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the article, â€Å"The Brain’s Rewarding System Addiction† (2004) by Katharine P. Bailey, MSN. In this article, I did not find a general hypothesis. Studies in this article show that most drugs directly or indirectly cause selective elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NA), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the limbic system, consequently called theRead MoreExploring Comorbid Substance Use And Mental Illness1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthan the consequences of the four most common types of cancer and all other infectious diseases. The primary motivation for substance abuse is to cope with psychological distress or negative emotions stemming from living with a mental disorder. Ratnasingham et al. (2013) suggested that the difference between living with comorbid mental illness and substance abuse in terms of quality of life from other diseases such as cancer is the primary source of burden. Individuals with comorbidity typicallyRead MoreAddiction and Requiem for a Dream2022 Words   |  9 PagesRequiem for a Dream depicts four individuals and their addictions to cocaine, heroin, and diet pills. Set in Brooklyn, New York, the characters each have their own dreams and addictions and their drugs are easily attainable trapping them in a cycle of dependence. The central character, Harry Goldfarb, is a young man who lives in virtual poverty because every cent he earns or steals goes toward his next high. He dreams of making a big enough score selling dope that will lead him to becoming financiallyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder983 Words   |  4 Pagestermed â€Å"mania and melancholia† as two diverse states of one and the same disea se was the Greek physician of the 1st century AD, Aretaeus of Cappadocia. â€Å"It appears to me that melancholy is the commencement and a part of mania†. (Alexander 2014). Early diagnosis and treatment of BPD, through the usage of combined treatments including: medications and cognitive therapy, can help the individual lead a productive life. The precise etiology of BPD has yet to be determined. Scientific data suggests it’s caused

Clear Thoughts Essay Research Paper Clear thoughts free essay sample

Clear Thoughts Essay, Research Paper Clear ideas As I reflect upon my experience in the Iranian Gulf War I can remember the contending all excessively clear. The clip was 2110 hours on 16 January 1991. The land war had been underway for five yearss and I was mentally exhausted. My platoon had been assigned the responsibility of uncluttering sand traps. During the last part of our briefing we were given expressed instructions to guarantee that we all made it back alive. We were besides instructed to take captives if we could, if non, make what you were trained to make, ? kill? . Those orders will ever remind me of the ground I am alive today. Within proceedingss of having our order we were headed to what was traveling to be a turning point in my life, front line combat. After walking about an hr a member of my squad detected motion about one 100 metres straight in front. We will write a custom essay sample on Clear Thoughts Essay Research Paper Clear thoughts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I halted my squad, grabbed the wireless from Pvt. Tucker and warned the balance of my platoon. I whispered into the French telephone, ? Rock six, Rock six, this is, stone two Charlie, we have positive contact? . Without vacillation, the commanding officer ordered us to prosecute. Sparing no vacillation on my portion, I directed two members of my squad to wait at the right side of the sand trap, the other three work forces were to follow me. We dropped into the prone place onto the cold, wet, Saudi Arabian sand and began to crawl toward the left side of the sand trap. While creeping, I realized that we could be killed within seconds ; it was my occupation as squad leader to see that wouldn? t happen. Was it fear, exhilaration, or possibly a mere oversight in concentration? I wasn? T certain if I could, or even had the clip to weigh the feelings I was holding. I halted my work forces, regained my focal point and re-clarify the importance of our mission. Upon completion of our concluding program of onslaught we continued to creep toward our aim. As we approached the sand trap, I realized that it was non merely a sand trap, but a trench line as good. I crawled back and radioed the commanding officer of my findings. He began to reiterate his last order, ? Rock two Charlie, prosecute your aim? , when a new order was given. That order was to direct one adult male inside to look into. At that really minute, my universe stood still. I had to do a determination. Which one of my warrior brothers was traveling to be the luckless adult male? The determination was simple, I? ll send myself. Without advising the commanding officer, I slid into the trench as silen T as I could perchance be. Once inside the trench, I looked to my right and so to my left. No 1 was at that place, at least non in the trench. I began to travel toward the sand trap when an Iraqi soldier, like a shade looking out of a fog, stepped out of the sand trap. I knew that our orders were to take captives? , but the determination was his ; would he decease today, or would he give up? With one expression at the American flag sewn on the left arm of my uniform, he laid down his rifle. I motioned for him to walk towards me and to ascent out of the trench. With his custodies above his caput he proceeded up the side of the trench, merely to be detained by my work forces. My mission wasn? T over yet ; I still had to unclutter the sand trap and study the balance of the trench. I began to travel toward the sand trap at a slow and steady gait. As I approached the entryway of the sand trap, I noticed a soldier illuming a coffin nail. Taking full advantage of the visible radiation provided by the lucifer, I could do out three figures standing in the darkness, there were no arms in sight. Without hold I said a short supplication and committed to the undertaking at manus. I ran indoors shouting some words that I understood to be their native linguistic communication. But the work forces merely stood there looking at me with cryings in their eyes. In incredulity I shoved one of the work forces against the wall of the sand trap. The other work forces ran up to the wall and stood following to their friend. Their resignation was in analogue to the 100s that had surrendered the dark before. While inside the sand trap, I visually inventoried the contents. I was surprised to happen 24 big wooden boxes incorporating adequate explosive stuff to level two metropolis blocks. After my brief review of the sand trap I thought to myself about the hapless status of our alleged enemy and how eager they were to put down their weaponries and resignation. Subsequently that dark, I sat and pondered the eventide? s concatenation of events. I recalled the brief oversight in concentration that had saved our lives. If I would hold ordered the devastation of the sand trap, or had I chosen another adult male to come in the trench, the full platoon could hold been vaporized by 12 dozenss of explosives stored indoors. I am so thankful to hold remembered the advise of my gramps. Gramps ever said, ? Son, take your clip with the hard undertakings because when you rush you act with hastiness, so slow down and believe things through? . This clip his advice truly paid off!

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example For Students

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Critical essay The Lottery by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery, Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The story starts off on a beautiful summer day in a small town. The author describes the day as very euphoric but strikes a contrast between the atmosphere of the town and the atmosphere of the people gathered in the square. The atmosphere is subdued, where the children are gathered around quietly. The black box is the central theme or idea in the story. It symbolizes at first some type of mystery, but as we read the ending we realize that it is synonymous with doom. Someones fate lies in an inanimate object, the black box. We do not always enjoy change, even if it might prove beneficial to us. The box is symbolic of our loathing of change; it is old and splintered showing that we cling to what is familiar rather than change and it also symbolizes the traditions of the community. No one in the little town questions the origin of the black box, but accept it as an intrical part of their lives. There is always discussion of people getting a new box, but no one ever really goes through with it. Everuy year, after the lottery, Mr.Summers began talking again about a new box, but every year the subject was allowed to fade off without anythings being done. We will write a custom essay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lottery itself is symbolic of the paradox of the human psyche between compassion on one hand and the thirst for violence and cruelty on the other. An example of this is when the children are enjoying a break from school, playing and being children, and suddenly they are being joined by rational adults in stoning a mother to death. It appears that tradition has blinded these people in an irrational way, making them unable to think of a reason why this possibly should not be happening. When forced with the possibility of death, human nature in all its complexity, comes down to one instinctive urge, that of survival. When Tessie was in no danger she was gossiping with the other ladies and even encouraged her husband to go and pick a piece of paper. When Tessie wins the lottery; she pleads for another chance and screams for mercy. She demands that her daughters take their chances as well, which is indicative of regression toward our basic instinct of survival. The pieces of paper that are lifted away by the breeze is not only symbolic of the ease with which life can be taken but is also symbolic of vast civilizations that were doomed to eventual failure for believing in and acting on tradition and not living according to the word of God. We see that even as Tessie is being stoned to death does she not question the reasoning behind the lottery, but why it should be her that has to die. The story also has some symbolic relevance to when it was written in 1948. This was a time where a lot of countries were rebuilding there nations due to the destruction they undertook in World War II. These nations were restructuring how they handled world problems, and how they ran there own countries. There was a lot of change after the war; people were not the same because so many had been affected by it. I think that this story tries to capture some of that. One example in the book was, There had been , also, a ritual salute, which the official of the lottery had had to use in addressing each person who came up to draw from the box, but this also had changed with time, until now it was felt necessary only for the official to speak to each person approaching. I feel that this shows that she interpreted the story to what was going on in the world around her, and how the world was changing so much. Traditions that people used to feel very strong about were starting to be broken down by the change in time, and world around them. .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 , .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .postImageUrl , .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 , .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:hover , .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:visited , .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:active { border:0!important; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:active , .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3 .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud36c439042756e898cb3105d8f91d8b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Guilt, Duty, And Unrequited Love EssayAs much as The Lottery symbolizes tradition the driving force through out the story is sacrifice. The author of the, The Lottery used foreshadowing and an astounding plot to present a tale about a melancholy sacrifice. Sacrifice plays a large role in the acute community. It instills a form of obedience and loyalty towards the morbid tradition. Although tradition changes over time ; the villagers over all concept of sacrifice is never lost. Jackson the author of The Lottery uses sacrifice to build an extremely original plot. Jackson wrote the story as if it were a favorable lottery to through off the readers consistency and twist the plot. Through out the story the author leaves helpful hints to make the theme apparent. For example when Jackson wrote Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of rock and the other boys started to follow his example, and eventually made a great pile of stones in the corner of the square. This sign of foreshadowing shows what method of sacrifice is to be used within the short story. The town had no other choice than to mastermind the lottery. In The Lottery Old Man Warner said Listen to those young folk, nothings good enough for them. Next thing you know, theyll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live like that for a while. This quotes intent was to show how much harder it was for the community to strive while living in caves. Also while living in caves the public civilization at the time was in ruin. They had come up with the idea to use a theory brought upon by other communities around them. Their approach to the theory was to eliminate one individual annually ;so that their crops would come in. They chose this method of sacrifice in order to yield themselves from the responsibility and burden of murder. Even though the towns lottery has lost all traditional value the sacrificing has held steadfast. As it says in The Lottery although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remember to use the rocks. This quote means that even though their tradition has gone off course they will always hold to their beliefs about sacrifice. To summarize they held true to their beliefs because of apprehension. So tradition has subconsciously made the community unaware of their horrible actions. The citizens of the village are not afraid of change. They are afraid of what change will bring. The present community has never known a year without the lottery or depleted crops. They fear if they if they disband from the traditional sacrifice their crops will fail. Also their warm safe homes will fade away and the dampened caves that have become so fictional to them will appear to be realistic problems. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example For Students The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story by Shirley Jackson that was published in 1948 and gave a good example of the definition of the term sociological theory. This theory is a set of ideas on how people behave and how institutions operate. The analysis of this short story and the of the work of Emile Durkheim shows the relationship of the two in the field of Sociology. There are many well defined intertwining theories that Durkheim gave to society that are also included in â€Å"The Lottery†. Solidarity is the theory that will be analyzed. One of the first theories that Durkheim used relates to â€Å"The Lottery† is typology of societies based on solidarity. He stated that the type and level of solidarity is determined by the organization of the society. The division of labor is included in the organization of societies. This definition of Durkheim’s theory is used in The Lottery. First, the lottery rules of participation reflect a rigid social hierarchy based upon an inequitable social division of labor. We will write a custom essay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also, the villagers believe unconsciously that their commitment to a work ethic will grant them some magical immunity from the selection of the black box. This work ethic prevents them from understanding that the lottery’s actual function is not to encourage work bur to reinforce an inequitable social division of labor. This town is considered a mechanical society, in that of they all had a high degree of regulation and the thoughts and actions of individuals within the society. The town has a small society, consisting of only 300 people. Between the post office and the bank is where the lottery is held, which shows simple organization. Also the leader of the town was a coal miner, not too many high organizations. The traditions of the lottery show the shared values and beliefs. The lottery and its consequences show the simple, repressive laws and harsh punishment. However, â€Å"the conscience theory†, or shared mental facts of a group, is the basis of social bonds that is also related. This is related because the fact is the town all agreed on the lottery and its outcome. It is a tradition and a set way for the people in the lottery. The attitudes might change when their name is called, but the fact is that the lottery is a shared belief that their society has. In a mechanical society the punishments are harsh and swift, like on Mrs. Hutchinson. Also, the purpose of the punishment is revenge. The punishment on Mrs. Hutchinson was the stoning of her and her family. This was revenge by the society for not working the way up in the social ladder and making your name not enter the black box. Stoning is the method of punishment used by the society in the lottery. This is a fast and effective way if punishment. Toleration is not required in mechanical societies because of the agreement among members. The ideas of Emile Durkheim on solidarity and mechanical society show the relevance and relationship to the short story â€Å"The Lottery†. The society of the lottery is the exact fit to the definition of the mechanical theory of society. This type of society has been a part of the past and is rarely seen.

Financing Value Chains a Case of Crdb Bank Plc Essays

Financing Value Chains a Case of Crdb Bank Plc Essays Financing Value Chains a Case of Crdb Bank Plc Essay Financing Value Chains a Case of Crdb Bank Plc Essay Essay Topic: Chains â€Å"DEVELOPING AND FINANCING EFFECTIVE AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS† Experience from CRDB Bank Plc Samson Keenja, CRDB Microfinance Services Company Limited, Dar es salaam, Tanzania INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the leading economic sector in Tanzania, providing a livelihood to 80% of the population. It is the primary source of food and raw materials accounting for 50% of the GDP and a leading export sector. It remains important for achieving sustained growth, poverty reduction and rural development. Agriculture in Tanzania is dominated by smallholder farmers (peasants) cultivating an average farm sizes of between 0. 9 hectares and 3. 0 hectares each. About 70 percent of Tanzania’s crop area is cultivated by hand hoe, 20 percent by ox plough and 10 percent by tractor. It is rain fed agriculture. Food crop production dominates the agriculture economy 5. 1 million ha. are cultivated annually, of which 85 percent is under food crops. The major constraints facing the Agriculture sector includes. 1. The falling labour and land productivity due to application of poor technology. 2. Dependence on unreliable and irregular weather conditions. Crops are adversely affected by periodical droughts. 3. Unreliable markets for the farm produce, affected not only by the principles of demand and supply but also by the Government policies on food security. 4. Poor road infrastructure for supply of farm inputs and transportation of farm produce to the markets. In Tanzania, most of production, processing and marketing functions have been assigned to the private sector. : However despite efforts by the private sector in investing in processing of crops yet a substantial amount of crops are sold unprocessed including crops such as cashew nuts and cotton. Agricultural value chains are becoming more complex over time due to change in the market environment driven by various factors among them being changes in demand, regulations, government policies and changes in lifestyles. As a result of these changes then product and market standards change which in turn, require changes from various actors in the chain that supply these products including their inputs to meet arket requirements. A critical input in the business of creating value in these changing agricultural chains is finance. Financial products need to also respond to the changing market requirements in the output markets. Mechanisms in terms of improving effectiveness of financial products, access and repayment need to be examined (Southeast Asian Regional Conference Value Chain Financing, 2007). What is a value chain? In order for a product to reach the consumer or user, there often are many processes or steps involved. Each step must have a direct link to the next in order for the processes to form a viable chain. At each stage, some additional transformation or enhancement is made to the product. Hence, a value chain is often defined as the sequence of value-adding activities, from production to consumption, through processing and commercialization. Value chains, or supply chains, in agriculture can be thought of as a â€Å"farm to fork† set of processes and flows – from the inputs to production to processing, marketing and the consumer. Each segment of a chain has one or more backward and forward linkages. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link and hence the stronger the links, the more secure is the flow of products and services within the chain (Calvin Miller and Carlos da Silva, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome) Value chain in summary: [pic] Source: Paper on â€Å"Value Chain Financing in Agriculture† by Calvin Miller and Carlos da Silva FINANCING EFFECTIVE AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS Finance is critical to increasing efficiency, improving product quality, and raising the productivity and income of value chain actors. Without access to finance, small farmers will continue to make little investment, have low of actors in the agricultural value chains financed by CRDB Bank; 1. INPUTS PRODUCTION: AMCOS, FARMER GROUPS, SACCOS, UNIONS and small to medium agribusiness entities. . PROCESSING: CURING COMPANIES, GINNERY COMPANIES and CASHEWNUTS PROCESSORS. 3. DISTRIBUTION: Loans to meet (1) transportation cost of inputs to farmers (2) meeting transport costs of harvested produces to factories, storage areas or market place. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS CRDB Bank has been participating in developing effective agricultural value chains through variety of ways. In an effort to offer better services to our clients, special departments and in other case establishment of a dedicated Company to serve certain type of clients has been established. Our agriculture customers who fall in the value chain are normally segmented in the following categories (1) Microfinance customers (2) SME’s customers and (3) Corporate customers. In all three segments above, efforts are made by the bank into ensuring that there is effective agricultural value chain that address default risks while in turn reduce production unit cost, increase production volume while strives to add value in the chain. Activities that are aimed into attaining this are: ? Engage in promotion and establishment of various farmer cooperative societies such as AMCOS, SACCOS and UNIONS. Provision of technical assistance to these associations ? Assist in product designing ? Infrastructures loans such as for building irrigation system, warehouses and office buildings. ? Training and coaching our customers plus their staffs SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES (SACCOS) are exclusively served by the CRDB Microfinance services Company Ltd, a subsidiary of CRDB Bank P lc that has been established specifically to serve micro-entrepreneurs through financial intermediaries. To develop the MFI the Company undertakes sensitization of the communities to establish microfinance institutions in areas with demand for financial services but without a financial institution. On the other hand, it takes onboard weak local microfinance institutions, building their capacities to offer tailor made products and services that really address the needs of their communities. The Microfinance Institutions, benefits by receiving free: 1. Technical assistance 2. Capacity building 3. Marketing as well as 4. Product design assistance. On the other, hand the Company initiate and manage microfinance loans on behalf of the Bank. These loans include agriculture loans (for farm inputs and cultivation), equipment loans for powertillers, tractors and irrigation systems, stock finance loans and office building loans. The Company has a team of dedicated staffs who are responsible for providing technical assistance to the affiliate intermediary institutions on regular basis, capacity building assistance and marketing assistance. They are also responsible for guiding the MFIs in accessing banks products and services. Farmer’s Groups, AMCOS, UNIONS, Company’s and Individuals engaged in agricultural activities are served by two departments of the Bank depending on their size  and credit requirement. Those departments are the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) and Corporate Department. Customers served by SME are those with loan requirement of up to TZS 200 million. Customers with loan requirement above that amount are served through the Corporate Department of the bank. It has been realized through experience that capacity building before lending especially to those taking loans for the first time is vital for effective utilization and management of the loans. Therefore, training is conducted to the beneficiaries to improve their entrepreneurial skills but also in business management to ensure loan repayment. . CRDB FINANCING TO DIFFERENT ACTORS [pic] EXAMPLES OF PRODUCT AND SERVICES OFFERED BY CRDB BANK TO ACTORS IN DIFFERENT VALUE CHAINS Examples of products and services offered by CRDB Bank Plc to various agricultural value chains: A) PADDY VALUE CHAIN S/N |VALUE CHAIN STAGE |PRODUCTS/ SERVICES OFFERED | |1 |Crop production |Farm development loans | | | |Farm maintenance loans | | | |Powertiller/tractor loans | |2 |Storage |Stock finance loans | |3 |Processing |Loans to millers | |4 |Distribution |Loans to cover transportation costs | | | |Crops purchase loans | | | |Loans to buy transportation vehicles | B) COFFEE VALUE CHAIN: S/N |VALUE CHAIN STAGE |PRODUCTS/ SERVICES OFFERED | |1 |Crop production |Farm development loans | | | |Farm maintenance loans | |2 |Processing |Loans to curing companies | |3 |Distribution |Loans to cover transportation costs | | | |Crops purchase loans | | | |Loans to buy transportation vehicles | | | |Loans to cover export costs (CIF costs to the buying | | | |country) | | | |Crops purchase | C) SUGARCANES VALUE CHAIN: S/N |VALUE CHAIN STAGE |PRODUCTS/ SERVICES OFFERED | |1 |Crop production |Farm development loans | | | |Farm maintenance loans | |2 |Harvesting |Loans to purchase harvesting equipments e. g cane loaders | | | |Loans to buy transportation vehicles to ship canes from | | | |farms to factories | |3 |Processing |Loans to sugar factories | |4 |Distribution |Loans under SME to distributors who sells sugar to retailers| D) TOBACCO VALUE CHAIN: S/N |VALUE CHAIN STAGE |PRODUCTS/ SERVICES OFFERED | |1 |Crop production |Inputs purchase loans | |2 |Harvesting |Burns constructions loans | |3 | Processing |Loans to tobacco factories | [pic] SOME NOTED CASES ON IMPACT OF FINANCING THE VALUE CHAINS Sugarcane Financing Bank has been financing sugarcane production in various stages of the value chain from production to delivery at factory. One example is that of financing farmers at Turiani ward in Morogoro region through their TUR SACCOS by providing them with loans for farm development, maintenance and transportation to factory. The result of financing in the past seven years has been remarkable as shown in the table below. It will be noted that between 2007 and 2008 there was a rapid increase in all aspects of production, this was contributed by the decision by the Company to finance farmers (through their group) to purchase grab loaders equipment to facilitate harvesting of sugarcane. As in the previous years, not all sugarcanes from outgrowers farmers were being harvested to due lack of equipment despite higher demand from factory. This was causing farmers to lose their crops and those who harvested late after start of the rain season obtained lower renderment and thus lower returns. |SUGARCANE PRODUCTION TREND AS A RESULT OF SACCOS FINANCING TO OUTGROWERS- TUR SACCOS | |   |   |2002 |2003 | |1 |Price during Harvest (100kgs) |35,000 |100 | |2 |Price at selling time after storage(100kgs) |70,000 | | |5 |Production per acre before WRS (tons) |1. 6 |100 | |6 |Production per acre after WRS (tons) |3 | | SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CRDB BANK PLC LOAN PORTFOLIO Agriculture and Livestock constitute the largest portion of the CRDB Bank Loan portfolio with 21%, however by considering financing of the value chain then three sectors will be involved of microfinance, manufacturing/processing and agriculture with a percentage of about 34%. CONCLUSION Through financing the agriculture value chain by considering the different actors from small farmers to corporate agribusinesses it is possible to overcome the challenges o f agriculture in a country. This can only be possible through innovative approaches to serve the different segments by considering their differences in their activities, finance requirements, understanding of farming business and management of loans. It has also been proved beyond doubt that access to finance to the different actors has helped in reducing production unit cost, increase production volume while adding value in the chain. Corporate PHYSICAL FLOWS SME Corporate CRDB Microfinance Corporate CRDB BANK PLC STORAGE AMCOS. GINNERY COMPANIES AND CASHEWNUT PROCESSORS DISTRIBUTION TRANSPORTERS PROCESSING CURING COMPANIES GINNERY COMPANIES AND CASHEWNUT PROCESSORS INPUTS PRODUCTION AMCOS, FARMERS GROUPS, UNIONS, SACCOS, Agribusiness entities CRDB Microfinance SME

Symptoms of the Black Death

Symptoms of the Black Death The Black Death is a plague which killed millions of people. In one particularly destructive explosion, over a third of the whole European population might have died in a few years in the mid 14th century, a process which changed history, birthing, among other things, the start of the modern age and the Renaissance. For a history of the Black Death in Europe, see our page here. This is an explanation of what happens when someone contracts it. You really have to hope you never do! How you get the Black Death Despite plenty of people trying to claim other things, the evidence comfortably points to The Black Death being Bubonic Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis . A human being usually receives this by being bitten by a flea which has ingested the disease from the blood of a house rat. The infected flea has had its system blocked by the disease, and remains hungry, regurgitating older infected blood into a human before drinking new blood, spreading infection. The rat’s flea doesn’t usually target humans, but seeks them out as new hosts once their colony of rats die off from the plague; other animals could also be affected. Plague carrying fleas didn’t have to come straight from a rat, as the fleas could survive for several weeks in bundles of cloth and other items humans conveniently came into contact with. On rarer occasions, a human could receive the disease from infected droplets which had been sneezed or coughed out into the air from a sufferer of a va riation called Pneumonic Plague. Even rarer still was infection from a cut or sore. Symptoms Once bitten, a victim experienced symptoms like headaches, chills, high temperatures and extreme tiredness. They might have nausea and pain throughout their body. Within several days the bacteria had begun affecting the body’s lymph nodes, and these swelled up into painful large lumps called ‘buboes’ (from which the disease takes its popular name: Bubonic Plague). Usually those nodes closest to the initial bite were first, which normally meant in the groin, but those under the arms and in the neck were also affected. They could reach the size of an egg. Suffering great pain, you could then die, roughly a week after you were first bitten. From the lymph nodes the plague could spread and internal bleeding would begin. The sufferer would expel blood in their waste, and black spots could appear all over the body. Sufferers with the spots almost invariably died, and this is noted in the chronicles of the day. The disease could spread to the lungs, giving the victim Pneumonic Plague, or into the bloodstream, giving Septicaemic Plague, which killed you before the buboes appeared. Some people did recover from the Black Death – Benedictow gives a figure of 20% - but contrary to the beliefs of some survivors they did not gain an automatic immunity. Medieval Reaction Medieval doctors identified numerous symptoms of the plague, many of which correlate with modern knowledge. The process of the illness through its stages wasn’t fully understood by medieval and early modern doctors, and some interpreted the buboes as signs the body was trying to vent foul liquids. They then attempted to relieve the illness by lancing the buboes. A punishment from God was seen at the frequent underlying course, although quite how and why God was inflicting this was heatedly discussed. The situation wasnt one of total scientific blindness, as Europe has always been blessed with proto-scientists, but it was confused and unable to react like modern science. Even so, you can still see this confusion exist today when it comes to popular understanding of illness.

Business formation and purpose Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business formation and purpose - Lab Report Example All these four airline services were integrated on 31st March 1974 to form British Airways. BA continued its operations for almost 13 years as a state-owned company. In February 1987, the BA was privatised as part of the Conservative government’s wider privatisation plan. Soon after its privatisation in 1987, the company acquired British Caledonian in the same year, Dan-Air in 1992, and British Midland International in 2012 so as to promote its global expansion. BA is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance along with other founding members like American Airlines, Qantas, Canadian Airlines, and Cathay Pacific. Today the Oneworld alliance has become the world’s third largest airline alliance after SkyTeam and Star Alliance. On 21st January 2011, BA merged with Iberia to form the International Airlines Group (IAG), which is the parent company of BA. IAG is the third largest airline group in the world and the second largest in Europe by annual revenues. It has been liste d on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. The BA operates under airline industry. While analysing the industrial classifications of the BA, it seems that the company maintains four major subsidiaries including BA CityFlyer, OpenSkies, British Airways Limited, and British Airways World Cargo. The BA CityFlyer, Didsbury based wholly owned subsidiary airline of BA, operates a number of European and domestic services from London City Airport. This BA subsidiary has gained a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A operating licence to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircrafts having 20 seats or above. In 2008, the BA CityFlyer signed a contract with Embraer to obtain the delivery of 11 E-Jet aircrafts for the purpose of modernising the fleet. In addition, the organisation ordered 3 extra Embraer 190 aircraft in late 2013. According to official data, the company carried roughly 1.2 million